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Title: Necessidade de um Ministerio de Instruco Publica

Author: Antonio da Costa

Release Date: June 13, 2010 [EBook #32794]

Language: Portuguese

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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Produced by Pedro Saborano (produced from scanned images
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                                NECESSIDADE

                                   DE UM

                      MINISTERIO DE INSTRUCO PUBLICA

                                    POR

                            D. ANTONIO DA COSTA



                                   LISBOA
                              IMPRENSA NACIONAL
                                    1868





                                NECESSIDADE

                                   DE UM

                      MINISTERIO DE INSTRUCO PUBLICA

                                    POR

                            D. ANTONIO DA COSTA



                                   LISBOA
                              IMPRENSA NACIONAL
                                    1868




NECESSIDADE DE UM MINISTERIO DE INSTRUCO PUBLICA


I

A organisao do ministerio do reino em Portugal era um estado no estado
at ha poucos annos. Dizemos estado no estado impropriamente, porque
melhor diriamos negao do estado. Negocios, que n'outros paizes
constituem quatro e cinco ministerios differentes, accumulavam-se, por
um phenomeno cuja explicao o paiz encontrava na carencia do progresso,
n'um unico ministerio, ligado por um chefe superior, que tinha o direito
da sciencia innata, e presidido por um ministro, que tinha a obrigao
de ser encyclopedico. Uma tal estagnao administrativa no centro do
movimento das idas e das justas aspiraes dos espiritos era a
impossibilidade governativa.

A creao do ministerio das obras publicas em 1852 deu o primeiro passo
no caminho da descentralisao. A reforma posterior de 1859, dividindo o
ministerio do reino em tres direces independentes, se no pde
ainda completar a ida, foi todavia outro passo ousado na organisao
dos servios e na facilitao de futuras reformas.

O systema centralisador, abolido em 1859, tinha tres inconveniencias
radicaes: a falta de unidade nos negocios, a impossibilidade de poder o
chefe superior da secretaria estuda-los devidamente, e a centralisao
nas mos do ministro de assumptos insignificantes, com prejuizo do
regular andamento da alta administrao, e com offensa ao senso commum,
que s inventou os ministros para os elevados pensamentos do estado,
para as iniciativas arrojadas e para as resolues definitivas na
sciencia de governar.

Foi aquelle systema impossivel que a reforma de 1859 extinguiu, dispondo
assim o terreno para commettimentos descentralisadores mais productivos
e de que ella vinha ser a experiencia e o prenuncio.


II

Que resultados produziu o systema das direces?

Restringindo-nos  direco geral de instruco publica, por ser a
especialidade que tratmos n'este escripto, cujo intento  patentear a
indispensabilidade de um ministerio de instruco nas condies que
havemos de expor, vamos indicar as principaes consequencias do
pensamento que presidiu  organisao descentralisadora. A arvore
produziu os seus fructos, e a fecundidade da tentativa  um dos
argumentos que prognosticam a efficacia do novo ministerio.

A direco, pondo em pratica todos os meios de independencia e de aco
/propria/, que constituiam a sua raso de ser, facilitando pela
correspondencia directa com as auctoridades e corporaes a expedio e
preparao dos processos, e unificando-se nas suas diversas
especialidades como ramos da mesma arvore, realisou a ida da reforma,
provando que sem a unidade do pensamento e a independencia
descentralisadora, que eram as suas bases, impossivel seria
alcanarem-se os resultados que a administrao do ensino publico tem
obtido ha oito annos.

A partir do novo systema a organisao do ensino primario recebeu um
auxiliar na iniciativa local do municipio e da parochia, abriram-se as
duas escolas normaes, fundaram-se 483 cursos nocturnos, iniciaram-se as
conferencias do magisterio, publicou-se a reorganisao da instruco
secundaria e do curso do commercio, estreando-se o ensino do desenho,
instante necessidade da epocha, promoveu-se a construco de casas para
escolas, promulgaram-se regulamentos para os exames de habilitao, para
as jubilaes, concursos, suspeies, e para occorrer  interrupo do
servio, realisaram-se vendas importantes dos livros duplicados das
bibliothecas nacionaes, e com o seu producto adquiriram-se colleces de
livros modernos, verificaram-se duas inspeces extraordinarias em
todo o reino para estudar o estado moral, intellectual e material das
escolas primarias officiaes e livres, prepararam-se em resultado d'essas
inspeces trabalhos estatisticos, que brevemente ho de ver a luz e
servir de base  discusso das principaes questes do ensino. Outras
providencias se verificaram, e ainda outras se dispozeram que no
chegaram a receber sanco governamental.

Longe de ns o querermos indicar que a instruco nacional corresponda
ao que d'ella exige o problema do seculo XIX. No correr d'este escripto
diremos o que pensmos a tal respeito. Mas uma cousa so as grandes
reformas legislativas, outra a execuo da legislao existente. O que
pretendemos evidenciar  que nem os ministros poderiam estar habilitados
para decretar, nem o conselho geral de instruco publica para estudar e
preparar os trabalhos que foram commettidos ao seu illustrado parecer,
se no fosse o systema descentralisador de uma direco independente, e
que os resultados patenteiam a necessidade de caminhar da direco para
o ministerio, em vez de retrogradar para o tempo que morreu. A esta
necessidade s se pde acudir com um ministerio de instruco publica.


III

A questo fundamental  a converso da direco geral de instruco
publica n'um ministerio gerido cumulativamente com algum dos outros
ministerios por um s ministro.

A ida no  nossa,  do actual ministro da marinha, o sr. Latino
Coelho, e por s. ex. apresentada em proposta ao conselho geral em data
de 21 de fevereiro de 1862. A nossa ida iria mais adiante, pedindo um
ministerio de instruco publica independente, mas, no sendo este o
momento opportuno, adoptmos a ida do ministerio cumulativo.

Entretanto, aindaque a ida no  nossa, seja-nos permittido
sustenta-la, mostrando como esta reforma urge indispensavelmente, e se
pde executar, no s sem augmento de despeza, mas at com economia.

A creao de um ministerio de instruco publica justificam-a rases de
ordem politica, de ordem administrativa e de progresso, diante da
necessidade de dar impulso s variadas questes de um dos mais difficeis
problemas da governao, se no o mais difficil: o problema do ensino
nacional.

Para exemplo ahi est o mundo. Tem ministerio especial de instruco
publica a Frana, a Italia, a Prussia, a Austria, a Baviera, a Suecia, a
Dinamarca, a Saxonia, tem-o a propria Russia, a propria Turquia e at a
Persia. Se a Hespanha o no possue ainda, j o descentralisou todavia do
ministerio da governao, e se a Belgica  excepo,  porque o ensino
n'aquelle paiz-modelo se baseia no systema da ampla liberdade, alem de
que tem duas direces geraes de instruco correspondentes a um
verdadeiro ministerio. Ora Portugal no pde ter raso contra o mundo.

O primeiro fundamento, para se aconselhar a creao de um ministerio de
instruco publica,  a necessidade de collocar  frente do ensino, na
successiva organisao dos gabinetes, um ministro especial. Por escusado
teriamos declarar que no tratmos de pessoas, tratmos da questo
unicamente na altura dos principios.

A feio caracteristica do ministro do reino em Portugal, e na maior
parte dos paizes,  a politica interna. Torna-se impossivel ao ministro
que tem a seu cargo a direco da politica, da administrao, da
policia, da beneficencia, da saude, prestar serio e incessante cuidado
s innumeraveis questes da instruco nacional, que pela nossa
organisao comprehende a instruco primaria, secundaria e superior, as
bellas artes, as academias, as imprensas, as bibliothecas, os jardins
botanicos, os observatorios, os museus, e ainda outros estabelecimentos
cujo complexo a custo pde ser attendido, mesmo por um ministro exclusivo.

Duplica a impossibilidade, se attendermos a que se no trata s de
regular a questo do ensino, mas de estudar, de traar e defender as
reformas nos diversos ramos, principalmente no da instruco primaria, o
mais urgente e o mais difficil.

Assim, j porque o ministro do reino, collocado entre a direco
politica do paiz e a instruco publica,  constrangido a sacrificar a
instruco, como os factos tem demonstrado no decorrer dos annos, j
porque a principal qualidade exigida para a pasta do reino  a
importncia politica dos cavalheiros indigitados pelas situaes que nas
lutas parlamentares conquistam o poder,  obvio que a pasta da
instruco publica deve ser entregue em cada modificao de gabinete
quelle dos ministros que pela ordem dos seus estudos e vocao especial
do seu espirito se ache mais nas circumstancias de gerir o assumpto.

Ha mais.  innegavel que as conveniencias politicas, mesmo as legitimas,
as que so admittidas pelos costumes e pela indole das instituies
constitucionaes, reclamam do ministro que dirige a politica interna
certas concesses. Todo o systema da instruco se tem resentido d'este
facto, e dizemo-lo sem o receio de sermos desmentidos, no ha reformas
possiveis no circulo do ensino, principalmente do ensino superior, cuja
urgencia  por todos reclamada, emquanto essas reformas dependerem do
ministerio que tem a seu cargo a politica interna com todas as
complicaes eleitoraes e locaes.

Outras rases importantes se alliam a estas.

Sabem todos que durante a sequencia de cada anno economico ha sobras em
diversos capitulos do oramento do estado. O fallecimento de
professores, a vacatura de cadeiras pelo movimento dos concursos, a
prohibio das accumulaes de ordenados e outras circumstancias,
proporcionam sempre um saldo, que se deve naturalmente applicar a
melhoramentos da mesma especie, n'este caso a melhoramentos da instruco.

Uma tal providencia  nos outros paizes um grande recurso para a
administrao do ensino. Foi em virtude das sobras que ultimamente o
ministro da instruco publica de Frana conseguiu augmentar em toda a
superficie do imperio o subsidio s professoras de instruco primaria.

Succede porm entre ns que este recurso pde deixar de ser applicado
exclusivamente  instruco, por isso que o saldo da instruco publica
no forma saldo da direco geral, mas saldo de todo o ministerio do reino.

0 prejuizo  ainda mais grave, e pedimos atteno especial para as
seguintes consideraes.

A instruco primaria, dotada entre ns to mesquinhamente, que apenas 
contemplada com a quarta parte da dotao geral da instruco e
estabelecimentos litterarios, tem uma sobra annual de 23:000$000 ris,
cifra redonda. Se a esta sobra acrescentarmos a de 2:000$000 ris do
conselho geral, e a de 5:000$000 ris da instruco especial, sobe o
saldo annual a 30:000$000 ris[1]. Estes 30:000$000 ris, em
vez de serem applicados  instruco primaria, vo reforar a instruco
superior, alem das sobras da mesma instruco superior reverterem
tambem para ella. No ser inferior, antes exceder a 40:000$000 ris o
total das sobras.

Quer dizer: mais de 40:000$000 ris na dotao geral da instruco
publica deixam de ser applicados annualmente  desgraada instruco
primaria, podendo alis com esta somma crearem-se mais quatrocentas e
cincoenta cadeiras, ou quarenta edificios escolares, ou o ensino
profissional, ou o que mais urgiria, como a primeira necessidade da
instruco elementar, uma organisao da inspeco local em todo o
reino. O remedio para este assumpto importantissimo da melhor applicao
dos saldos ao ensino primario, s se conseguir com a fundao de um
ministerio de instruco publica.

Nem contra a ida do novo ministerio podero objectar com o augmento da
despeza, o cabo de No das reformas portuguezas. Pelo contrario, a
organisao do novo ministerio ter por anjo protector a economia, esta
phantasiosa dama to avidamente requestada nos tempos que vo correndo,
como desdenhosa entre os afagos com que pretendem seduzi-la.

A direco geral de instruco publica, actualmente composta de quatro
reparties, poder, quando ministerio, abranger tambem os negocios da
sua contabilidade, se ao mesmo tempo se realisar o principio ha tanto
reclamado da simplificao dos servios, j pela diminuio do
expediente, j pela descentralisao de negocios que passariam para os
estabelecimentos subalternos, como a nomeao dos empregados
inferiores, os espectaculos publicos e outros assumptos.

Exemplifiquemos, para ficar bem clara a nossa ida. Que principio
justificar em pleno seculo XIX o anachronismo de dois diplomas regios,
decreto e carta, para a nomeao do mesmo funccionario? Que necessidade
insta por um acervo de decretos, de portarias, de alvars, de officios,
e todo este labyrinto multiplicado ainda pelos registos, quando
bastaria, em geral, o simples despacho nos processos, e a sua publicao
no diario official?

O que dizemos do novo ministerio da instruco publica, applicmo-lo
tambem aos outros ministerios, porque uma das mais pestiferas chagas da
nossa organisao, ou desorganisao,  o nefando reinado da papelada.
Mais obras e menos palavras. No achmos que o paiz tenha funccionalismo
excessivo; o que tem  funccionalismo excessivamente accumulado. Ha
muitas reparties do estado que dispensariam parte do seu
funccionalismo, simplificado o expediente; mas tambem ha muitos servios
que seria indispensavel crear ou reorganisar, e apontaremos entre elles
a reforma penitenciaria, a beneficencia, a estatistica, a inspeco e
outros.

Desculpe-se-nos termos descido a exemplificar estas ultimas
particularidades, mas era necessario fazermo-lo para levar aos espiritos
o convencimento por meio dos factos, que so a raso pratica das cousas.


IV

Vamos concluir.

Demonstrmos que o systema das direces foi um passo notavel, servindo
de transio natural para novas descentralisaes, como a que se
indigita. Demonstrmos a indispensabilidade de converter a direco
geral n'um ministerio de instruco publica, que d o impulso s
reformas reclamadas em vo ha tantos annos. Demonstrmos finalmente que
a ida do novo ministerio ligado a outro se pde realisar com economia,
e em todo o caso sem augmento nenhum de despeza.

Desenganemo-nos: no haver reforma possivel na instruco publica sem a
existencia de um ministerio especial. E, perguntmos: querem demorar por
mais tempo as reformas da instruco, e sobretudo da instruco primaria?

Um paiz que no seculo XIX no possue uma s cadeira de ensino primario
superior nem profissional, que nas proprias escolas elementares
desconhece a educao physica, o desenvolvimento intellectual, e,
pde-se dizer, a educao moral, que no organisou ainda a sua
instruco primaria na base indispensavel da localidade, que no tem
seno 331 cadeiras para o sexo feminino, um paiz que de 750:000 creanas
de sete a quinze annos de idade tem fra da instruco 650:000, cuja
media de creanas do sexo masculino  de 3 para 100 habitantes, e do
sexo feminino de 1 para 100; um paiz que no tem inspeco local, e
apenas a sombra de inspeco districtal, que no tem bibliothecas
populares, que no distribue livros, que no ensina ao povo nem desenho,
nem canto, nem principios de agricultura e industria; um paiz cujo
magisterio primario morre de fome, sem carreira gradual que lhe abra o
incentivo do futuro; um paiz cuja dotao do ensino primario, menor do
que a dotao do ensino superior, no encontra auxiliar valioso nos
recursos da associao nem do individuo; um paiz n'estas circumstancias
no  um paiz europeu, digamo-lo com profundo desgosto,  um paiz
semibarbaro.

Forcejemos porque no o continue a ser. Lembrem-se os poderes publicos,
e lembremo-nos todos, de que o problema da instruco nacional  a
bandeira da liberdade e do progresso.

O governo acha-se auctorisado pela carta de lei de 9 do corrente mez de
setembro a reorganisar os servios publicos. Est na mo d'elle dar o
grande passo para as reformas do ensino nacional, creando o ministerio
da instruco publica nas condies que ficam delineadas. No deixe
perder este ensejo, que talvez no se repita. Levante a questo do
ensino que roja apesinhada ha tantos annos. Avalie a responsabilidade
que tomou sobre os hombros e desempenhe-se d'ella, na especialidade que
tratmos, com proveito para o paiz, que jazendo nas trevas tem sde da luz.

Faam causa commum no assumpto as parcialidades que nos dividem. A
questo da instrucco publica no  uma questo de partidos,  uma
questo nacional, uma questo de vida ou de morte para o futuro da nossa
terra. No est defronte d'ella a politica, est a nao.


FIM

    [1] Estas cifras so extrahidas das ultimas contas impressas do
    ministerio do reino, do exercicio do anno economico de 1864-1865,
    comparadas com a tabella das despezas auctorisadas para o mesmo anno.





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