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Title: Beowulf

Author: James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds.

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** Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf **

This text is a corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and
Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version,
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printed. This file contains the original version. It preserves the
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character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been
corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text is internally
inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main
text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been
altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings
of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an
uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note
explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made
is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful
to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in
Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. Notes from the source text that indicate changes
adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and
apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the
common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some
words has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct.
Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of
editorial interpretation (e.g., gst vs. gst in l. 102, etc.) A list of
these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections.
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Explanation of the Vowel Accenting

In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark
long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character '' represents the long
vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (). The long diphthongs (eo,
ea, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the _second_ vowel (e,
e, etc.).

** End of PG Preface **


I. BEWULF:

_AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM_.

II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:

_A FRAGMENT_.

WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE.

EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY

JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,

PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,

AND

ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),

PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.

FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.

GINN & COMPANY

BOSTON--NEW YORK--CHICAGO--LONDON

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by

JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP

in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.



DEDICATED

TO

PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,

AND

FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY," THE
"CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.



PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

The favor with which the successive editions of "Bewulf" have been
received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue
the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of
which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time
added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings,
with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archological points
that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are
constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and
explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the
editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made
in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former
Appendices have been embodied in the Notes.

For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German
periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors
Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition
of "Bewulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though
a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking
forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be
presented.

October, 1893.



NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

This third edition of the American issue of Bewulf will, the editors hope,
be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions.
Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some
additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief
appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of
Bewulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive
essay on that subject (Beitrge, X. 209-314).

Socin's edition of Heyne's Bewulf (called the fifth edition) has been
utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too
late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and
inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable
to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the
poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last
decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers
and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wlker's new edition
(in the Grein _Bibliothek_) is of the highest value, however one may
dissent from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.'
Paul and Braune's Beitrge contain a varied miscellany of hints,
corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge,
Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found
in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and
Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Mller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d.
Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien,
IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the
textual and metrical interpretation of the poem.

The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able
essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge
(Beitrge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that
the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text
of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now
accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (m,
w, , , g, h); the adverb n, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish
absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms.
has them marked.

An approximately complete Bibliography of Bewulf literature will be found
in Wlker's _Grundriss_ and in Garnett's translation of the poem.

JAMES A. HARRISON,

ROBERT SHARP.

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.


NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.

The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition
of Bewulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have
determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus
endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had,
notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,--errors in
single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it
is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and
trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made,
and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and
translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been
rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern _single_ letters, or occupy very
small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer,
and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very
great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of
Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book.
Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer
corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has
been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late
criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder,
Wlker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested
readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt
passages.

The objectionable  and , for the short and the long diphthong, have been
retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing
them without entirely recasting the plates.

In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to
the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided
in the correction of the text,--particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott,
Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the
authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to
the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still
contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it
is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of
extending the study of Old English throughout the land.

JUNE, 1885.


NOTE I.

The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn,
1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather
than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal
text. The need of an American edition of "Bewulf" has long been felt, as,
hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or
secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English
editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867
and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the
same text.

So many important contributions to the "Bewulf" literature were, however,
made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new
edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a
careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and
criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique
"Bewulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as
made by E. Klbing in Herrig's _Archiv_ (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed
wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the
researches of Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use
of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in
the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many
controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor
has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old
English _Metrik_ is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of
Schipper and others.

Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in
the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the
editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of
St. John's College, Maryland.

In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best
to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with
conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and
discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wlker's text and the
photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all
scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school
room, where they would puzzle without instructing.

For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each
"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes.

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.


NOTE II.

The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete
text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Bewulf." The edition is the
first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to
the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of
Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the
coperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars
may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of
Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.

In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to
abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and
among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation
of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same
passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The
orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of
his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of
the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest
edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The
references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to
be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few
only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by
an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and
the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the
Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire
certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and
sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a
careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of
Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation).
Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which
Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to
point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected
and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints
in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the
Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and
adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.

The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves
something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the
present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation,
correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose
loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe
a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious
guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it
best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed
that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of
interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point
of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German
editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many
places,--"Bewulf" is a most difficult poem,--but their view may at least
be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully
and constantly consulted.

A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and
there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will
be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.

It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English
poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.


JAMES A. HARRISON,
_Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va._

ROBERT SHARP,
_University of Louisiana, New Orleans_.

April, 1883.


The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the
Text, and for the Glossary from hrnan on; S. for the List of Names, and
for the Glossary as far as hrnan.

ARGUMENT.

The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is
Bewulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:--The poem opens with a few
verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf.
His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hrogar.
Hrogar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a
magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hrogar and his
retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called
Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of
Hrogar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go
on for twelve years. Bewulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths,
hearing of Hrogar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen
warriors--to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an
animated parley with Hrogar's coastguard, who at first takes them for
pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well
received by Hrogar. A banquet ensues, during which Bewulf is taunted by
the envious Hunferh about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the
Brondings. Bewulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences
Hunferh. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Bewulf in charge of the
hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Bewulf's
companions; is attacked by Bewulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn
off by Bewulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hrogar and the Danes, and
their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and
Bewulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's
mother revenges her son by carrying off schere, the friend and councillor
of Hrogar, during the absence of Bewulf. Hrogar appeals to Bewulf for
vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all
proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in
it, are described. Bewulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's
mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes
her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the
heads to Hrogar. He then takes leave of Hrogar, sails back to Sweden, and
relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends.
The second begins with the accession of Bewulf to the throne, after the
fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty
years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the
country, and destroys Bewulf's palace with fire. Bewulf sets out in quest
of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his
approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits.
He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to
attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts
aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against
Bewulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of
his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the
dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Bewulf's
shield of iron. Bewulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the
dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Bewulf cuts it in two
with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the
treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf
enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Bewulf, and
receives his last commands. Bewulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches
his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of
Bewulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.--H.
Sweet, in Warton's _History of English Poetry_, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf.
also Ten Brink's _History of English Literature_.




BEWULF.


I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.

     Hwt! we Gr-Dena      in ger-dagum
     ed-cyninga      rym gefrunon,
     h  elingas      ellen fremedon.
     Oft Scyld Scfing      sceaena retum,
5    monegum mgum      meodo-setla ofteh.
     Egsode eorl,      syan rest wear
     fe-sceaft funden:      he s frfre gebd,
     wex under wolcnum,      weor-myndum h,
      t him ghwylc      ra ymb-sittendra
10   ofer hron-rde      hran scolde,
     gomban gyldan:      t ws gd cyning!
     m eafera ws      fter cenned
     geong in geardum,      one god sende
     folce t frfre;      fyren-earfe ongeat,
15   t hie r drugon      aldor-lese
     lange hwle.      Him s lf-fre,
     wuldres wealdend,      worold-re forgeaf;
     Bewulf ws breme      (bld wde sprang),
     Scyldes eafera      Scede-landum in.
20   Sw sceal geong guma,      gde gewyrcean,
     fromum feoh-giftum      on fder wine,
     t hine on ylde      eft gewunigen
     wil-gesas,      onne wg cume,
     lede gelsten:      lof-ddum sceal
25   in mga gehwre      man geen.
     Him  Scyld gewt      t gescp-hwle
     fela-hrr fran      on fren wre;
     hi hyne  tbron      t brimes faroe.
     swse gesas,      sw he selfa bd,
30   enden wordum weld      wine Scyldinga,
     lef land-fruma      lange hte.
     r t he std      hringed-stefna,
     sig and tfs,      elinges fr;
     -ldon       lefne eden,
35   bega bryttan      on bearm scipes,
     mrne be mste.      r ws mdma fela,
     of feor-wegum      frtwa gelded:
     ne hrde ic cymlcor      cel gegyrwan
     hilde-wpnum      and heao-wdum,
40   billum and byrnum;      him on bearme lg
     mdma mnigo,       him mid scoldon
     on fldes ht      feor gewtan.
     Nalas hi hine lssan      lcum tedan,
     ed-gestrenum,      onne  dydon,
45   e hine t frumsceafte      for onsendon
     nne ofer e      umbor wesende:
      gyt hie him setton      segen gyldenne
     heh ofer hefod,      lton holm beran,
     gefon on gr-secg:      him ws gemor sefa,
50   murnende md.      Men ne cunnon
     secgan t soe      sele-rdende,
     hle under heofenum,      hw m hlste onfng.


II. THE HALL HEOROT.

      ws on burgum      Bewulf Scyldinga,
     lef led-cyning,      longe rage
55   folcum gefrge      (fder ellor hwearf,
     aldor of earde),       t him eft onwc
     heh Healfdene;      held enden lifde,
     gamol and g-rew,      glde Scyldingas.
     m fewer bearn      for-germed
60   in worold wcun,      weoroda rswan,
     Heorogr and Hrgr      and Hlga til;
     hrde ic, at Elan cwn      Ongenewes ws
     Heaoscilfinges      heals-gebedde.
      ws Hrgre      here-spd gyfen,
65   wges weor-mynd,      t him his wine-mgas
     georne hrdon,       t se geogo gewex,
     mago-driht micel.      Him on md bearn,
     t heal-reced      htan wolde,
     medo-rn micel      men gewyrcean,
70   one yldo bearn      fre gefrunon,
     and r on innan      eall gedlan
     geongum and ealdum,      swylc him god sealde,
     bton folc-scare      and feorum gumena.
      ic wde gefrgn      weorc gebannan
75   manigre mge      geond isne middan-geard,
     folc-stede frtwan.      Him on fyrste gelomp
     dre mid yldum,      t hit wear eal gearo,
     heal-rna mst;      scp him Heort naman,
     se e his wordes geweald      wde hfde.
80   He bet ne lh,      begas dlde,
     sinc t symle.      Sele hlifade
     heh and horn-gep:      heao-wylma bd,
     lan lges;      ne ws hit lenge  gen
     t se ecg-hete      um-swerian
85   fter wl-ne      wcnan scolde.
      se ellen-gst      earfolce
     rage geolode,      se e in strum bd,
     t he dgora gehwm      drem gehrde
     hldne in healle;      r ws hearpan swg,
90   swutol sang scpes.      Sgde se e ce
     frum-sceaft fira      feorran reccan,
     cw t se lmihtiga      eoran worhte,
     wlite-beorhtne wang,      sw wter bebge,
     gesette sige-hrig      sunnan and mnan
95   leman t lehte      land-bendum,
     and gefrtwade      foldan scetas
     leomum and lefum;      lf ec gescep
     cynna gehwylcum,      ra e cwice hwyrfa.
     Sw  driht-guman      dremum lifdon
100  ediglce,       t n ongan
     fyrene fremman,      fend on helle:
     ws se grimma gst      Grendel hten,
     mre mearc-stapa,      se e mras held,
     fen and fsten;      ffel-cynnes eard
105  won-slig wer      weardode hwle,
     sian him scyppend      forscrifen hfde.
     In Caines cynne      one cwealm gewrc,
     ce drihten,      s e he Abel slg;
     ne gefeah he re fhe,      ac he hine feor forwrc,
110  metod for  mne      man-cynne fram.
     anon untydras      ealle onwcon,
     eotenas and ylfe      and orcnas,
     swylce gigantas,       wi gode wunnon
     lange rage;      he him s len forgeald.


III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.

115  Gewt  nesian,      syan niht becom,
     hen hses,      h hit Hring-Dene
     fter ber-ege      gebn hfdon.
     Fand  r inne      elinga gedriht
     swefan fter symble;      sorge ne con,
120  won-sceaft wera.      Wiht unhlo
     grim and grdig      gearo sna ws,
     rec and re,      and on rste genam
     ritig egna:      anon eft gewt
     he hrmig      t hm faran,
125  mid re wl-fylle      wca nesan.
      ws on uhtan      mid r-dge
     Grendles g-crft      gumum undyrne:
      ws fter wiste      wp up hafen,
     micel morgen-swg.      Mre eden,
130  eling r-gd,      unble st,
     olode r-sw,      egn-sorge dreh,
     syan hie s lan      lst scewedon,
     wergan gstes;      ws t gewin t strang,
     l and longsum.      Ns hit lengra fyrst,
135  ac ymb ne niht      eft gefremede
     mor-beala mre      and n mearn fore
     fhe and fyrene;      ws t fst on m.
      ws e-fynde,      e him elles hwr
     germlcor      rste shte,
140  bed fter brum,       him gebecnod ws,
     gesgd slce      sweotolan tcne
     heal-egnes hete;      held hine syan
     fyr and fstor,      se m fende twand.
     Sw rxode      and wi rihte wan
145  na wi eallum,       t del std
     hsa slest.      Ws se hwl micel:
     twelf wintra td      torn geolode
     wine Scyldinga,      wena gehwelcne,
     sdra sorga;      foram syan wear
150  ylda bearnum      undyrne c,
     gyddum gemore,      tte Grendel wan,
     hwle wi Hrgr;--      hete-nas wg,
     fyrene and fhe      fela missera,
     singale sce,      sibbe ne wolde
155  wi manna hwone      mgenes Deniga
     feorh-bealo feorran,      fe ingian,
     ne r nnig witena      wnan orfte
     beorhtre bte      t banan folmum;
     atol glca      htende ws,
160  deorc de-sca      dugue and geogoe
     seomade and syrede.      Sin-nihte held
     mistige mras;      men ne cunnon,
     hwyder hel-rnan      hwyrftum scra.
     Sw fela fyrena      fend man-cynnes,
165  atol n-gengea,      oft gefremede
     heardra hna;      Heorot eardode,
     sinc-fge sel      sweartum nihtum
     (n he one gif-stl      grtan mste,
     mum for metode,      ne his myne wisse);
170  t ws wrc micel      wine Scyldinga,
     mdes breca.      Monig-oft gest
     rce t rne;      rd eahtedon,
     hwt sw-ferhum      slest wre
     wi fr-gryrum      t gefremmanne.
175  Hwlum hie gehton      t hrg-trafum
     wig-weorunga,      wordum bdon,
     t him gst-bona      gece gefremede
     wi ed-reum.      Swylc ws ew hyra,
     henra hyht;      helle gemundon
180  in md-sefan,      metod hie ne con,
     dda dmend,      ne wiston hie drihten god,
     ne hie hru heofena helm      hrian ne con,
     wuldres waldend.      W bi m e sceal
     urh slne n      swle bescfan
185  in fres fm,      frfre ne wnan,
     wihte gewendan;      wel bi m e mt
     fter de-dge      drihten scean
     and t fder fmum      freoo wilnian.


IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.

     Sw  ml-ceare      maga Healfdenes
190  singala se;      ne mihte snotor hle
     wen onwendan:      ws t gewin t sw,
     l and longsum,      e on  lede becom,
     nd-wracu n-grim,      niht-bealwa mst.
     t fram hm gefrgn      Higelces egn,
195  gd mid Getum,      Grendles dda:
     se ws mon-cynnes      mgenes strengest
     on m dge      ysses lfes,
     ele and ecen.      Ht him -lidan
     gdne gegyrwan;      cw he g-cyning
200  ofer swan-rde      scean wolde,
     mrne eden,       him ws manna earf.
     one s-ft him      snotere ceorlas
     lyt-hwn lgon,      eh he him lef wre;
     hwetton higerfne,      hl scewedon.
205  Hfde se gda      Geta leda
     cempan gecorone,      ra e he cnoste
     findan mihte;      fftena sum
     sund-wudu shte;      secg wsade,
     lagu-crftig mon,      land-gemyrcu.
210  Fyrst for gewt:      flota ws on um,
     bt under beorge.      Beornas gearwe
     on stefn stigon;      stremas wundon
     sund wi sande;      secgas bron
     on bearm nacan      beorhte frtwe,
215  g-searo geatolc;      guman t scufon,
     weras on wil-s      wudu bundenne.
     Gewt  ofer wg-holm      winde gefsed
     flota fmig-heals      fugle gelcost,
      t ymb n-td      res dgores
220  wunden-stefna      gewaden hfde,
     t  lende      land geswon,
     brim-clifu blcan,      beorgas stepe,
     sde s-nssas:       ws sund liden,
     eoletes t ende.      anon up hrae
225  Wedera lede      on wang stigon,
     s-wudu sldon      (syrcan hrysedon,
     g-gewdo);      gode ancedon,
     s e him -lde      ee wurdon.
      of wealle geseah      weard Scildinga,
230  se e holm-clifu      healdan scolde,
     beran ofer bolcan      beorhte randas,
     fyrd-searu fslcu;      hine fyrwyt brc
     md-gehygdum,      hwt  men wron.
     Gewt him  t waroe      wicge rdan
235  egn Hrgres,      rymmum cwehte
     mgen-wudu mundum,      meel-wordum frgn:
     "Hwt syndon ge      searo-hbbendra
     "byrnum werede,      e us brontne cel
     "ofer lagu-strte      ldan cwmon,
240  "hider ofer holmas      helmas bron?
     "Ic ws ende-sta,      g-wearde held,
     "t on land Dena      lra nnig
     "mid scip-herge      scean ne meahte.
     "N her clcor      cuman ongunnon
245  "lind-hbbende;      ne ge lefnes-word
     "g-fremmendra      gearwe ne wisson,
     "mga gemdu.      Nfre ic mran geseah
     "eorla ofer eoran,      onne is ewer sum,
     "secg on searwum;      nis t seld-guma
250 "wpnum geweorad,      nfne him his wlite lege,
     "nlc an-sn.      Nu ic ewer sceal
     "frum-cyn witan,      r ge fyr heonan
     "lese sceweras      on land Dena
     "furur fran.      Nu ge feor-bend,
255  "mere-lende,      mnne gehra
     "n-fealdne geht:      fost is slest
     "t gecanne,      hwanan ewre cyme syndon."


V. THE ERRAND.

     Him se yldesta      andswarode,
     werodes wsa,      word-hord onlec:
260  "We synt gum-cynnes      Geta lede
     "and Higelces      heor-genetas.
     "Ws mn fder      folcum geced,
     "ele ord-fruma      Ecgew hten;
     "gebd wintra worn,      r he on weg hwurfe,
265  "gamol of geardum;      hine gearwe geman
     "witena wel-hwylc      wde geond eoran.--
     "We urh holdne hige      hlford inne,
     "sunu Healfdenes,      scean cwmon,
     "led-gebyrgean:      wes u s lrena gd!
270  "Habba we t m mran      micel rende
     "Deniga fren;      ne sceal r dyrne sum
     "wesan, s ic wne.      u wst, gif hit is,
     "sw we slice      secgan hrdon,
     "t mid Scyldingum      sceaa ic nt hwylc,
275  "degol dd-hata,      deorcum nihtum
     "ewe urh egsan      uncne n,
     "hnu and hr-fyl.      Ic s Hrgr mg
     "urh rmne sefan      rd gelran,
     "h he frd and gd      fend oferswe,
280  "gyf him ed-wendan      fre scolde
     "bealuwa bisigu,      bt eft cuman
     "and  cear-wylmas      clran wura;
     "oe  syan      earfo-rage,
     "re-nd ola,      enden r wuna
285  "on heh-stede      hsa slest."
     Weard maelode,      r on wicge st
     ombeht unforht:      "ghwres sceal
     "scearp scyld-wga      gescd witan,
     "worda and worca,      se e wel ence.
290  "Ic t gehre,      t is is hold weorod
     "fren Scyldinga.      Gewta for beran
     "wpen and gewdu,      ic ew wsige:
     "swylce ic magu-egnas      mne hte
     "wi fenda gehwone      flotan ewerne,
295  "niw-tyrwedne      nacan on sande
     "rum healdan,       t eft byre
     "ofer lagu-stremas      lefne mannan
     "wudu wunden-hals      t Weder-mearce.
     "G-fremmendra      swylcum gifee bi,
300  "t one hilde-rs      hl gedge."
     Gewiton him  fran      (flota stille bd,
     seomode on sle      sd-fmed scyp,
     on ancre fst);      eofor-lc scionon
     ofer hler-beran      gehroden golde
305  fh and fr-heard,      ferh wearde held.
     Gmde grummon,      guman onetton,
     sigon tsomne,       t hy sl timbred
     geatolc and gold-fh      ongytan mihton;
     t ws fore-mrost      fold-bendum
310  receda under roderum,      on m se rca bd;
     lixte se lema      ofer landa fela.
     Him  hilde-der      hof mdigra
     torht gethte,      t hie him t mihton
     gegnum gangan;      g-beorna sum
315  wicg gewende,      word fter cw:
     "Ml is me t fran;      fder alwalda
     "mid r-stafum      ewic gehealde
     "sa gesunde!      ic t s wille,
     "wi wr werod      wearde healdan."


VI. BEWULF'S SPEECH.

320  Strt ws stn-fh,      stg wsode
     gumum tgdere.      G-byrne scn
     heard hond-locen,      hring-ren scr
     song in searwum,       hie t sele furum
     in hyra gryre-geatwum      gangan cwmon.
325  Setton s-me      sde scyldas,
     rondas regn-hearde      wi s recedes weal,
     bugon  t bence;      byrnan hringdon,
     g-searo gumena;      gras stdon,
     s-manna searo,      samod tgdere,
330  sc-holt ufan grg:      ws se ren-ret
     wpnum gewurad.       r wlonc hle
     oret-mecgas      fter elum frgn:
     "Hwanon ferigea ge      ftte scyldas,
     "grge syrcan      and grm-helmas,
335  "here-sceafta hep?--      Ic eom Hrgres
     "r and ombiht.      Ne seah ic el-edige
     "us manige men      mdiglcran.
     "Wn' ic t ge for wlenco,      nalles for wrc-sum,
     "ac for hige-rymmum      Hrgr shton."
340  Him  ellen-rf      andswarode,
     wlanc Wedera led      word fter sprc,
     heard under helme:      "We synt Higelces
     "bed-genetas;      Bewulf is mn nama.
     "Wille ic secgan      suna Healfdenes,
345  "mrum edne      mn rende,
     "aldre num,      gif he s geunnan wile,
     "t we hine sw gdne      grtan mton."
     Wulfgr maelode      (t ws Wendla led,
     ws his md-sefa      manegum geced,
350  wg and ws-dm):      "ic s wine Deniga,
     "fren Scildinga      frinan wille,
     "bega bryttan,      sw u bna eart,
     "eden mrne      ymb nne s ;
     "and e  andsware      dre gecan,
355  "e me se gda      gifan ence."
     Hwearf  hrdlce,      r Hrgr st,
     eald and unhr      mid his eorla gedriht;
     eode ellen-rf,      t he for eaxlum gestd
     Deniga fren,      ce he dugue ew.
360  Wulfgr maelode      t his wine-drihtne:
     "Her syndon geferede      feorran cumene
     "ofer geofenes begang      Geta lede:
     "one yldestan      oret-mecgas
     "Bewulf nemna.      Hy bnan synt,
365  "t hie, eden mn,      wi e mton
     "wordum wrixlan;      n u him wearne geteh,
     "nra gegn-cwida      gldnian, Hrgr!
     "Hy on wg-geatwum      wyre incea
     "eorla gehtlan;      hru se aldor deh,
370  "se m heao-rincum      hider wsade."


VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.

     Hrgr maelode,      helm Scyldinga:
     "Ic hine ce      cniht-wesende.
     "Ws his eald-fder      Ecge hten,
     "m t hm forgeaf      Hrel Geta
375  "ngan dhtor;      is his eafora nu
     "heard her cumen,      shte holdne wine.
     "onne sgdon t      s-lende,
     " e gif-sceattas      Geta fyredon
     "yder t ance,      t he rittiges
380  "manna mgen-crft      on his mund-grpe
     "heao-rf hbbe.      Hine hlig god
     "for r-stafum      us onsende,
     "t West-Denum,      s ic wn hbbe,
     "wi Grendles gryre:      ic m gdan sceal
385  "for his md-rce      mdmas bedan.
     "Be u on feste,      ht hig in gn,
     "sen sibbe-gedriht      samod tgdere;
     "gesaga him ec wordum,      t hie sint wil-cuman
     "Deniga ledum."       wi duru healle
390  Wulfgr eode,      word inne bed:
     "Ew ht secgan      sige-drihten mn,
     "aldor Est-Dena,      t he ewer elu can
     "and ge him syndon      ofer s-wylmas,
     "heard-hicgende,      hider wil-cuman.
395  "Nu ge mton gangan      in ewrum gu-geatawum,
     "under here-grman,      Hrgr gesen;
     "lta hilde-bord      her onbidian,
     "wudu wl-sceaftas,      worda geinges."
     rs  se rca,      ymb hine rinc manig,
400  rylc egna hep;      sume r bidon,
     heao-ref heldon,      sw him se hearda bebed.
     Snyredon tsomne,       secg wsode
     under Heorotes hrf;      hyge-rf eode,
     heard under helme,      t he on heoe gestd.
405  Bewulf maelode      (on him byrne scn,
     searo-net sewed      smies or-ancum):
     "Wes u Hrgr hl!      ic eom Higelces
     "mg and mago-egn;      hbbe ic mra fela
     "ongunnen on geogoe.      Me wear Grendles ing
410  "on mnre el-tyrf      undyrne c:
     "secga s-lend,      t es sele stande,
     "reced slesta,      rinca gehwylcum
     "del and unnyt,      sian fen-leht
     "under heofenes hdor      beholen weore.
415  " me t gelrdon      lede mne,
     " slestan,      snotere ceorlas,
     "eden Hrgr,      t ic e shte;
     "foran hie mgenes crft      mnne con:
     "selfe oferswon,       ic of searwum cwom,
420  "fh from fendum,      r ic ffe geband,
     "de eotena cyn,      and on um slg
     "niceras nihtes,      nearo-earfe dreh,
     "wrc Wedera n      (wen hsodon)
     "forgrand gramum;      and nu wi Grendel sceal,
425  "wi am aglcan,      na gehegan
     "ing wi yrse.      Ic e nu ,
     "brego Beorht-Dena,      biddan wille,
     "eodor Scyldinga,      nre bne;
     "t u me ne forwyrne,      wgendra hle,
430  "fre-wine folca,      nu ic us feorran com,
     "t ic mte na      and mnra eorla gedryht,
     "es hearda hep,      Heorot flsian.
     "Hbbe ic ec gehsod,      t se glca
     "for his won-hdum      wpna ne rce;
435  "ic t onne forhicge,      sw me Higelc se,
     "mn mon-drihten,      mdes ble,
     "t ic sweord bere      oe sdne scyld
     "geolo-rand t ge;      ac ic mid grpe sceal
     "fn wi fende      and ymb feorh sacan,
440  "l wi lum;      r gelfan sceal
     "dryhtnes dme      se e hine de nime.
     "Wn' ic t he wille,      gif he wealdan mt,
     "in m g-sele      Getena lede
     "etan unforhte,      sw he oft dyde
445  "mgen Hrmanna.      N u mnne earft
     "hafalan hdan,      ac he me habban wile
     "drere fhne,      gif mec de nime;
     "byre bldig wl,      byrgean ence,
     "ete n-genga      unmurnlce,
450  "mearca mr-hopu:      n u ymb mnes ne earft
     "lces feorme      leng sorgian.
     "Onsend Higelce,      gif mec hild nime,
     "beadu-scrda betst,      t mne brest were,
     "hrgla slest;      t is Hrlan lf,
455  "Wlandes geweorc.      G  Wyrd sw hi scel!"


VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.

     Hrgr maelode,      helm Scyldinga:
     "for were-fyhtum u,      wine mn Bewulf,
     "and for r-stafum      sic shtest.
     "Geslh in fder      fhe mste,
460  "wear he Heaolfe      t hand-bonan
     "mid Wilfingum;       hine Wedera cyn
     "for here-brgan      habban ne mihte.
     "anon he geshte      S-Dena folc
     "ofer a gewealc,      r-Scyldinga;
465  " ic furum weld      folce Deninga,
     "and on geogoe held      gimme-rce
     "hord-burh hlea:       ws Heregr ded,
     "mn yldra mg      unlifigende,
     "bearn Healfdenes.      Se ws betera onne ic!
470  "Sian  fhe      fe ingode;
     "sende ic Wylfingum      ofer wteres hrycg
     "ealde mdmas:      he me as swr.
     "Sorh is me t secganne      on sefan mnum
     "gumena ngum,      hwt me Grendel hafa
475  "hno on Heorote      mid his hete-ancum,
     "fr-na gefremed.      Is mn flet-werod,
     "wg-hep gewanod;      hie Wyrd forswep
     "on Grendles gryre.      God ee mg
     "one dol-scaan      dda getwfan!
480  "Ful oft gebetedon      bere druncne
     "ofer ealo-wge      oret-mecgas,
     "t hie in ber-sele      bdan woldon
     "Grendles ge      mid gryrum ecga.
     "onne ws es medo-heal      on morgen-td,
485  "driht-sele drer-fh,      onne dg lixte,
     "eal benc-elu      blde bestmed,
     "heall heoru-drere:      hte ic holdra  ls,
     "derre dugue,      e  de fornam.
     "Site nu t symle      and onsl meoto,
490  "sige-hr secgum,      sw n sefa hwette!"
      ws Get-mcgum      geador tsomne
     on ber-sele      benc germed;
     r sw-ferhe      sittan eodon
     ryum dealle.      egn nytte beheld,
495  se e on handa br      hroden ealo-wge,
     scencte scr wered.      Scp hwlum sang
     hdor on Heorote;      r ws hlea drem,
     dugu unlytel      Dena and Wedera.


IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BEWULF.

     nfer maelode,      Ecglfes bearn,
500  e t ftum st      fren Scyldinga;
     onband beadu-rne      (ws him Bewulfes s,
     mdges mere-faran,      micel f-unca,
     foron e he ne e,      t nig er man
     fre mra on m      middan-geardes
505  gehdde under heofenum      onne he sylfa):
     "Eart u se Bewulf,      se e wi Brecan wunne,
     "on sdne s      ymb sund flite,
     "r git for wlence      wada cunnedon
     "and for dol-gilpe      on dep wter
510  "aldrum ndon?      Ne inc nig mon,
     "ne lef ne l,      belen mihte
     "sorh-fullne s;       git on sund ren,
     "r git egor-strem      earmum ehton,
     "mton mere-strta,      mundum brugdon,
515  "glidon ofer gr-secg;      geofon um wel,
     "wintres wylme.      Git on wteres ht
     "seofon niht swuncon;      he e t sunde oferflt,
     "hfde mre mgen.       hine on morgen-td
     "on Heao-rmas      holm up tbr,
520  "onon he geshte      swsne el
     "lef his ledum      lond Brondinga,
     "freoo-burh fgere,      r he folc hte,
     "burg and begas.      Bet eal wi e
     "sunu Benstnes      se gelste.
525  "onne wne ic t e      wyrsan geinges,
     "eh u heao-rsa      gehwr dohte,
     "grimre ge,      gif u Grendles dearst
     "niht-longne fyrst      nen bdan!"
     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
530  "Hwt u worn fela,      wine mn nfer,
     "bere druncen      ymb Brecan sprce,
     "sgdest from his se!      S ic talige,
     "t ic mere-strengo      mran hte,
     "earfeo on um,      onne nig er man.
535  "Wit t gecwdon      cniht-wesende
     "and gebetedon      (wron begen  git
     "on geogo-feore)      t wit on gr-secg t
     "aldrum ndon;      and t gefndon sw.
     "Hfdon swurd nacod,       wit on sund ren,
540  "heard on handa,      wit unc wi hron-fixas
     "werian hton.      N he wiht fram me
     "fld-um feor      fletan meahte,
     "hraor on holme,      n ic fram him wolde.
     " wit tsomne      on s wron
545  "ff nihta fyrst,       t unc fld tdrf,
     "wado weallende,      wedera cealdost,
     "npende niht      and noran wind
     "heao-grim andhwearf;      hre wron a,
     "Ws mere-fixa      md onhrred:
550  "r me wi lum      lc-syrce mn,
     "heard hond-locen,      helpe gefremede;
     "beado-hrgl broden      on brestum lg,
     "golde gegyrwed.      Me t grunde teh
     "fh fend-scaa,      fste hfde
555  "grim on grpe:      hwre me gyfee wear,
     "t ic aglcan      orde gerhte,
     "hilde-bille;      heao-rs fornam
     "mihtig mere-der      urh mne hand.


X. BEWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.--THE FEAST.

     "Sw mec gelme      l-getenan
560  "retedon earle.      Ic him node
     "deran sweorde,      sw hit gedfe ws;
     "ns hie re fylle      gefen hfdon,
     "mn-forddlan,      t hie me gon,
     "symbel ymb-ston      s-grunde neh,
565  "ac on mergenne      mcum wunde
     "be -lfe      uppe lgon,
     "sweordum swefede,      t syan n
     "ymb brontne ford      brim-lende
     "lde ne letton.      Leht estan com,
570  "beorht becen godes;      brimu swaredon,
     "t ic s-nssas      gesen mihte,
     "windige weallas.      Wyrd oft nere
     "unfgne eorl,      onne his ellen deh!
     "Hwere me geslde,      t ic mid sweorde ofslh
575  "niceras nigene.      N ic on niht gefrgn
     "under heofones hwealf      heardran feohtan,
     "ne on g-stremum      earmran mannan;
     "hwere ic fra feng      feore gedgde,
     "sies wrig.       mec s br,
580  "fld fter faroe,      on Finna land,
     "wadu weallendu.      N ic wiht fram e
     "swylcra searo-na      secgan hrde,
     "billa brgan:      Breca nfre git
     "t heao-lce,      ne gehwer incer
585  "sw derlce      dd gefremede
     "fgum sweordum      . . . . . . .
     ". . . . . . .      n ic s gylpe;
     "eh u num brrum      t banan wurde,
     "hefod-mgum;      s u in helle scealt
590  "werho dregan,      eh n wit duge,
     "Secge ic e t se,      sunu Ecglfes,
     "t nfre Grendel sw fela      gryra gefremede,
     "atol glca      ealdre num,
     "hno on Heorote,      gif n hige wre,
595  "sefa sw searo-grim,      sw u self talast.
     "Ac he hafa onfunden,      t he  fhe ne earf,
     "atole ecg-rce      ewer lede
     "swe onsittan,      Sige-Scyldinga;
     "nyme nd-bde,      nnegum ra
600  "lede Deniga,      ac he on lust wge,
     "swefe ond sende,      secce ne wne
     "t Gr-Denum.      Ac him Geta sceal
     "eafo and ellen      ungera nu
     "ge gebedan.      G eft se e mt
605  "t medo mdig,      sian morgen-leht
     "ofer ylda bearn      res dgores,
     "sunne swegl-wered      san scne!"
      ws on slum      sinces brytta
     gamol-feax and g-rf,      gece gelfde
610  brego Beorht-Dena;      gehrde on Bewulfe
     folces hyrde      fst-rdne geht.
     r ws hlea hleahtor;      hlyn swynsode,
     word wron wynsume.      Eode Wealhew for,
     cwn Hrgres,      cynna gemyndig,
615  grtte gold-hroden      guman on healle,
     and  frelc wf      ful gesealde
     rest Est-Dena      el-wearde,
     bd hine blne      t re ber-ege,
     ledum lefne;      he on lust geeah
620  symbel and sele-ful,      sige-rf kyning.
     Ymb-eode       ides Helminga
     dugue and geogoe      dl ghwylcne;
     sinc-fato sealde,       t sl lamp,
     t hi Bewulfe,      beg-hroden cwn,
625  mde geungen,      medo-ful tbr;
     grtte Geta led,      gode ancode
     ws-fst wordum,      s e hire se willa gelamp,
     t he on nigne      eorl gelfde
     fyrena frfre.      He t ful geeah,
630  wl-rew wga      t Wealhen,
     and  gyddode      ge gefsed,
     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
     "Ic t hogode,       ic on holm gesth,
     "s-bt gest      mid mnra secga gedriht,
635  "t ic nunga      ewra leda
     "willan geworhte,      oe on wl crunge,
     "fend-grpum fst.      Ic gefremman sceal
     "eorlc ellen,      oe ende-dg
     "on isse meodu-healle      mnne gebdan."
640  am wfe  word      wel lcodon,
     gilp-cwide Getes;      eode gold-hroden
     frelcu folc-cwn      t hire fren sittan.
      ws eft sw r      inne on healle
     ry-word sprecen,      ed on slum,
645  sige-folca swg,       t semninga
     sunu Healfdenes      scean wolde
     fen-rste;      wiste t m ahlcan
     t m heh-sele      hilde geinged,
     sian hie sunnan leht      gesen ne meahton,
650  oe npende      niht ofer ealle,
     scadu-helma gesceapu      scran cwman,
     wan under wolcnum.      Werod eall rs.
     Grtte  giddum      guma erne,
     Hrgr Bewulf,      and him hl bed,
655  wn-rnes geweald      and t word cw:
     "Nfre ic negum men      r lfde,
     "sian ic hond and rond      hebban mihte,
     "ry-rn Dena      bton e nu .
     "Hafa nu and geheald      hsa slest;
660  "gemyne mro,      mgen-ellen c,
     "waca wi wrum!      Ne bi e wilna gd,
     "gif u t ellen-weorc      aldre gedgest."


XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.

      him Hrgr gewt      mid his hlea gedryht,
     eodur Scyldinga      t of healle;
665  wolde wg-fruma      Wealhe scan,
     cwn t gebeddan      Hfde kyninga wuldor
     Grendle t-genes,      sw guman gefrungon,
     sele-weard seted,      sundor-nytte beheld
     ymb aldor Dena,      eoton weard bed;
670  hru Geta led      georne trwode
     mdgan mgnes,      metodes hyldo.
      he him of dyde      sern-byrnan,
     helm of hafelan,      sealde his hyrsted sweord,
     rena cyst      ombiht-egne,
675  and gehealdan ht      hilde-geatwe.
     Gesprc  se gda      gylp-worda sum
     Bewulf Geta,      r he on bed stige:
     "N ic me an here-wsmum      hngran talige
     "g-geweorca,      onne Grendel hine;
680  "foran ic hine sweorde      swebban nelle,
     "aldre benetan,      eh ic eal mge.
     "Nt he ra gda,      t he me on-gen sle,
     "rand gehewe,      eh e he rf se
     "n-geweorca;      ac wit on niht sculon
685  "secge ofersittan,      gif he gescean dear
     "wg ofer wpen,      and sian witig god
     "on sw hwere hond      hlig dryhten
     "mro dme,      sw him gemet ince."
     Hylde hine  heao-der,      hler-bolster onfng
690  eorles andwlitan;      and hine ymb monig
     snellc s-rinc      sele-reste gebeh.
     Nnig heora hte      t he anon scolde
     eft eard-lufan      fre gescean,
     folc oe fre-burh,      r he fded ws,
695  ac hie hfdon gefrunen,      t hie r t fela micles
     in m wn-sele      wl-de fornam,
     Denigea lede.      Ac him dryhten forgeaf
     wg-spda gewiofu,      Wedera ledum
     frfor and fultum,      t hie fend heora
700  urh nes crft      ealle ofercmon,
     selfes mihtum:      s is geced,
     t mihtig god      manna cynnes
     weld wde-ferh.      Com on wanre niht
     scran sceadu-genga.      Scetend swfon,
705   t horn-reced      healdan scoldon,
     ealle bton num.      t ws yldum c,
     t hie ne mste,       metod nolde,
     se syn-scaa      under sceadu bregdan;
     ac he wccende      wrum on andan
710  bd bolgen-md      beadwa geinges.


XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.

      com of mre      under mist-hleoum
     Grendel gongan,      godes yrre br.
     Mynte se mn-scaa      manna cynnes
     sumne besyrwan      in sele am hen;
715  wd under wolcnum,      t s e he wn-reced,
     gold-sele gumena,      gearwost wisse
     fttum fhne.      Ne ws t forma s,
     t he Hrgres      hm geshte:
     nfre he on aldor-dagum      r ne sian
720  heardran hle,      heal-egnas fand!
     Com  t recede      rinc sian
     dremum bedled.      Duru sna onarn
     fr-bendum fst,      syan he hire folmum hrn;
     onbrd  bealo-hydig,       he bolgen ws,
725  recedes man.      Rae fter on
     on fgne flr      fend treddode,
     eode yrre-md;      him of egum std
     lge gelcost      leht unfger.
     Geseah he in recede      rinca manige,
730  swefan sibbe-gedriht      samod tgdere,
     mago-rinca hep:       his md hlg,
     mynte t he gedlde,      r on dg cwme,
     atol aglca,      nra gehwylces
     lf wi lce,       him lumpen ws
735  wist-fylle wn.      Ne ws t wyrd  gen,
     t he m mste      manna cynnes
     icgean ofer  niht.      r-sw beheld
     mg Higelces,      h se mn-scaa
     under fr-gripum      gefaran wolde.
740  Ne t se aglca      yldan hte,
     ac he gefng hrae      forman sie
     slpendne rinc,      slt unwearnum,
     bt bn-locan,      bld drum dranc,
     syn-sndum swealh:      sna hfde
745  unlyfigendes      eal gefeormod
     ft and folma.      For ner tstp,
     nam  mid handa      hige-ihtigne
     rinc on rste;      rhte ongen
     fend mid folme,      he onfng hrae
750  inwit-ancum      and wi earm gest.
     Sna t onfunde      fyrena hyrde,
     t he ne mtte      middan-geardes
     eoran sceta      on elran men
     mund-gripe mran:      he on mde wear
755  forht on ferhe,      n  r fram meahte;
     hyge ws him hin-fs,      wolde on heolster flen,
     scan defla gedrg:      ne ws his drohto r,
     swylce he on ealder-dagum      r gemtte.
     Gemunde  se gda      mg Higelces
760  fen-sprce,      up-lang std
     and him fste wifng.      Fingras burston;
     eoten ws t-weard,      eorl furur stp.
     Mynte se mra,      r he meahte sw,
     wdre gewindan      and on weg anon
765  flen on fen-hopu;      wiste his fingra geweald
     on grames grpum.      t ws gecor s,
     t se hearm-scaa      t Heorute teh:
     dryht-sele dynede,      Denum eallum wear,
     ceaster-bendum,      cnra gehwylcum,
770  eorlum ealu-scerwen.      Yrre wron begen,
     re rn-weardas.      Reced hlynsode;
      ws wundor micel,      t se wn-sele
     wihfde heao-derum,      t he on hrusan ne fel,
     fger fold-bold;      ac he s fste ws
775  innan and tan      ren-bendum
     searo-oncum besmiod.      r fram sylle beg
     medu-benc monig      mne gefrge,
     golde geregnad,      r  graman wunnon;
     s ne wndon r      witan Scyldinga,
780  t hit  mid gemete      manna nig
     betlc and bn-fg      tbrecan meahte,
     listum tlcan,      nyme lges fm
     swulge on swaule.      Swg up stg
     niwe geneahhe;      Nor-Denum std
785  atelc egesa      nra gehwylcum
     ra e of wealle      wp gehrdon,
     gryre-le galan      godes andsacan,
     sige-lesne sang,      sr wnigean
     helle hftan.      Held hine t fste
790  se e manna ws      mgene strengest
     on m dge      ysses lfes.


XIII. BEWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.

     Nolde eorla hle      nige inga
     one cwealm-cuman      cwicne forltan,
     ne his lf-dagas      leda nigum
795  nytte tealde.      r genehost brgd
     eorl Bewulfes      ealde lfe,
     wolde fre-drihtnes      feorh ealgian
     mres ednes,      r hie meahton sw;
     hie t ne wiston,       hie gewin drugon,
800  heard-hicgende      hilde-mecgas,
     and on healfa gehwone      hewan hton,
     swle scan,      t one syn-scaan
     nig ofer eoran      renna cyst,
     g-billa nn      grtan nolde;
805  ac he sige-wpnum      forsworen hfde,
     ecga gehwylcre.      Scolde his aldor-gedl
     on m dge      ysses lfes
     earmlc wuran      and se ellor-gst
     on fenda geweald      feor sian.
810   t onfunde      se e fela ror
     mdes myre      manna cynne
     fyrene gefremede      (he ws fg wi god)
     t him se lc-homa      lstan nolde,
     ac hine se mdega      mg Hygelces
815  hfde be honda;      ws gehwer rum
     lifigende l.      Lc-sr gebd
     atol glca,      him on eaxle wear
     syn-dolh sweotol,      seonowe onsprungon
     burston bn-locan.      Bewulfe wear
820  g-hr gyfee;      scolde Grendel onan
     feorh-sec flen      under fen-hleou,
     scean wyn-les wc;      wiste  geornor,
     t his aldres ws      ende gegongen,
     dgera dg-rm.      Denum eallum wear
825  fter am wl-rse      willa gelumpen.
     Hfde  geflsod,      se e r feorran com,
     snotor and sw-ferh      sele Hrgres,
     genered wi ne.      Niht-weorce gefeh,
     ellen-mrum;      hfde Est-Denum
830  Get-mecga led      gilp gelsted,
     swylce once      ealle gebtte,
     inwid-sorge,      e hie r drugon
     and for re-ndum      olian scoldon,
     torn unlytel.      t ws tcen sweotol,
835  syan hilde-der      hond legde,
     earm and eaxle      (r ws eal geador
     Grendles grpe)      under gepne hrf.


XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.

      ws on morgen      mne gefrge
     ymb  gif-healle      g-rinc monig:
840  frdon folc-togan      feorran and nen
     geond wd-wegas      wundor scewian,
     les lstas.      N his lf-gedl
     srlc hte      secga negum,
     ra e tr-leses      trode scewode,
845  h he wrig-md      on weg anon,
     na ofercumen,      on nicera mere
     fge and geflmed      feorh-lstas br.
     r ws on blde      brim weallende,
     atol a geswing      eal gemenged
850  htan heolfre,      heoro-drere wel;
     de-fge deg,      sian drema les
     in fen-freoo      feorh legde
     hene swle,      r him hel onfng.
     anon eft gewiton      eald-gesas,
855  swylce geong manig      of gomen-we,
     fram mere mdge,      mearum rdan,
     beornas on blancum.      r ws Bewulfes
     mro mned;      monig oft gecw,
     tte s ne nor      be sm tweonum
860  ofer eormen-grund      er nnig
     under swegles begong      slra nre
     rond-hbbendra,      rces wyrra.
     Ne hie hru wine-drihten      wiht ne lgon,
     gldne Hrgr,      ac t ws gd cyning.
865  Hwlum heao-rfe      hlepan lton,
     on geflt faran      fealwe mearas,
     r him fold-wegas      fgere hton,
     cystum ce;      hwlum cyninges egn,
     guma gilp-hlden      gidda gemyndig,
870  se e eal-fela      eald-gesegena
     worn gemunde,      word er fand
     se gebunden:      secg eft ongan
     s Bewulfes      snyttrum styrian
     and on spd wrecan      spel gerde,
875  wordum wrixlan,      wel-hwylc gecw,
     t he fram Sigemunde      secgan hrde,
     ellen-ddum,      unces fela,
     Wlsinges gewin,      wde sas,
     ra e gumena bearn      gearwe ne wiston,
880  fhe and fyrene,      bton Fitela mid hine,
     onne he swylces hwt      secgan wolde
     em his nefan,      sw hie  wron
     t na gehwm      nd-gesteallan:
     hfdon eal-fela      eotena cynnes
885  sweordum gesged.      Sigemunde gesprong
     fter de-dge      dm unltel,
     syan wges heard      wyrm cwealde,
     hordes hyrde;      he under hrne stn,
     elinges bearn,      na gende
890  frcne dde;      ne ws him Fitela mid.
     Hwre him geslde,      t t swurd urhwd
     wrtlcne wyrm,      t hit on wealle tstd,
     dryhtlc ren;      draca morre swealt.
     Hfde aglca      elne gegongen,
895  t he beh-hordes      brcan mste
     selfes dme:      s-bt gehld,
     br on bearm scipes      beorhte frtwa,
     Wlses eafera;      wyrm ht gemealt.
     Se ws wreccena      wde mrost
900  ofer wer-ede,      wgendra hle
     ellen-ddum:      he s ron h.
     Sian Heremdes      hild swerode
     eafo and ellen.      He mid eotenum wear
     on fenda geweald      for forlcen,
905  snde forsended.      Hine sorh-wylmas
     lemede t lange,      he his ledum wear,
     eallum elingum      t aldor-ceare;
     swylce oft bemearn      rran mlum
     sw-ferhes s      snotor ceorl monig,
910  se e him bealwa t      bte gelfde,
     t t ednes bearn      geen scolde,
     fder-elum onfn,      folc gehealdan,
     hord and hle-burh,      hlea rce,
     el Scyldinga.      He r eallum wear,
915  mg Higelces      manna cynne,
     frendum gefgra;      hine fyren onwd.

     Hwlum fltende      fealwe strte
     mearum mton.       ws morgen-leht
     scofen and scynded.      Eode scealc monig
920  sw-hicgende      t sele am hen,
     searo-wundor sen,      swylce self cyning,
     of brd-bre      beh-horda weard,
     tryddode tr-fst      getrume micle,
     cystum geced,      and his cwn mid him
925  medo-stg gemt      mga hse.


XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.

     Hrgr maelode      (he t healle geng,
     std on stapole,      geseah stepne hrf
     golde fhne      and Grendles hond):
     "isse ansne      al-wealdan anc
930  "lungre gelimpe!      Fela ic les gebd,
     "grynna t Grendle:       mg god wyrcan
     "wunder fter wundre,      wuldres hyrde!
     "t ws ungera,      t ic nigra me
     "wena ne wnde      t wdan feore
935  "bte gebdan      onne blde fh
     "hsa slest      heoro-drerig std;
     "we wd-scofen      witena gehwylcne
     "ra e ne wndon,      t hie wde-ferh
     "leda land-geweorc      lum beweredon
940  "scuccum and scinnum.      Nu scealc hafa
     "urh drihtnes miht      dd gefremede,
     "e we ealle      r ne meahton
     "snyttrum besyrwan.      Hwt! t secgan mg
     "efne sw hwylc mga,      sw one magan cende
945  "fter gum-cynnum,      gyf he gyt lyfa,
     "t hyre eald-metod      ste wre
     "bearn-gebyrdo.      Nu ic Bewulf
     "ec, secg betsta,      me for sunu wylle
     "fregan on ferhe;      heald for tela
950  "niwe sibbe.      Ne bi e nnigra gd
     "worolde wilna,      e ic geweald hbbe.
     "Ful-oft ic for lssan      len teohhode
     "hord-weorunge      hnhran rince,
     "smran t scce.      u e self hafast
955  "ddum gefremed,      t n dm lyfa
     "w t aldre.      Alwalda ec
     "gde forgylde,      sw he nu gyt dyde!"
     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
     "We t ellen-weorc      stum miclum,
960  "feohtan fremedon,      frcne gendon
     "eafo unces;      e ic swor,
     "t u hinc selfne      gesen mste,
     "fend on frtewum      fyl-wrigne!
     "Ic hine hrdlce      heardan clammum
965  "on wl-bedde      wran hte,
     "t he for mund-gripe      mnum scolde
     "licgean lf-bysig,      btan his lc swice;
     "ic hine ne mihte,       metod nolde,
     "ganges getwman,      n ic him s georne tfealh,
970  "feorh-genlan;      ws t fore-mihtig
     "fend on fe.      Hwere he his folme forlt
     "t lf-wrae      lst weardian,
     "earm and eaxle;      n r nige sw eh
     "fe-sceaft guma      frfre gebohte:
975  "n  leng leofa      l-getena
     "synnum geswenced,      ac hyne sr hafa
     "in nd-gripe      nearwe befongen,
     "balwon bendum:      r bdan sceal
     "maga mne fh      miclan dmes,
980  "h him scr metod      scrfan wille."
      ws swgra secg,      sunu Ecglfes,
     on gylp-sprce      g-geweorca,
     sian elingas      eorles crfte
     ofer hehne hrf      hand scewedon,
985  fendes fingras,      foran ghwylc;
     ws stde ngla gehwylc,      stle gelcost,
     henes hand-sporu      hilde-rinces
     egle unheru;      g-hwylc gecw,
     t him heardra nn      hrnan wolde
990  ren r-gd,      t s ahlcan
     bldge beadu-folme      onberan wolde.


XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.

      ws hten hree      Heort innan-weard
     folmum gefrtwod:      fela ra ws
     wera and wfa,      e t wn-reced,
995  gest-sele gyredon.      Gold-fg scinon
     web fter wagum,      wundor-sina fela
     secga gehwylcum      ra e on swylc stara
     Ws t beorhte bold      tbrocen swe
     eal inne-weard      ren-bendum fst,
1000 heorras thlidene;      hrf na gens
     ealles ansund,       se aglca
     fyren-ddum fg      on flem gewand,
     aldres or-wna.      N t e by
     t beflenne      (fremme se e wille!)
1005 ac gesacan sceal      swl-berendra
     nde gendde      nia bearna
     grund-bendra      gearwe stwe,
     r his lc-homa      leger-bedde fst
     swefe fter symle.       ws sl and ml,
1010 t t healle gang      Healfdenes sunu;
     wolde self cyning      symbel icgan.
     Ne gefrgen ic  mge      mran weorode
     ymb hyra sinc-gyfan      sl gebran.
     Bugon  t bence      bld-gende,
1015 fylle gefgon.      Fgere gegon
     medo-ful manig      mgas + ra
     sw-hicgende      on sele am hen,
     Hrgr and Hrulf.      Heorot innan ws
     frendum fylled;      nalles fcen-stafas
1020 ed-Scyldingas      enden fremedon.
     Forgeaf  Bewulfe      bearn Healfdenes
     segen gyldenne      sigores t lene,
     hroden hilte-cumbor,      helm and byrnan;
     mre mum-sweord      manige geswon
1025 beforan beorn beran.      Bewulf geah
     ful on flette;      n he re feoh-gyfte
     for scetendum      scamigan orfte,
     ne gefrgn ic frendlcor      fewer mdmas
     golde gegyrede      gum-manna fela
1030 in ealo-bence      rum gesellan.
     Ymb s helmes hrf      hefod-beorge
     wrum bewunden      walan tan held,
     t him fla lfe      frcne ne meahton
     scr-heard scean,      onne scyld-freca
1035 ongen gramum      gangan scolde.
     Hht  eorla hle      eahta mearas,
     fted-hlere,      on flet ten
     in under eoderas;      ra num std
     sadol searwum fh      since gewurad,
1040 t ws hilde-setl      heh-cyninges,
     onne sweorda gelc      sunu Healfdenes
     efnan wolde;      nfre on re lg
     wd-ces wg,      onne walu fellon.
     And  Bewulfe      bega gehwres
1045 eodor Ingwina      onweald geteh,
     wicga and wpna;      ht hine wel brcan.
     Sw manlce      mre eden,
     hord-weard hlea      heao-rsas geald
     mearum and mdmum,      sw h nfre man lyh,
1050 se e secgan wile      s fter rihte.


XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET--THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.

      gyt ghwylcum      eorla drihten
     ra e mid Bewulfe      brim-lde teh,
     on re medu-bence      mum gesealde,
     yrfe-lfe,      and one nne hht
1055 golde forgyldan,      one e Grendel r
     mne cwealde,      sw he hyra m wolde,
     nefne him witig god      wyrd forstde
     and s mannes md:      metod eallum weld
     gumena cynnes,      sw he nu git d;
1060 foran bi andgit      ghwr slest,
     ferhes fore-anc!      fela sceal gebdan
     lefes and les,      se e longe her
     on yssum win-dagum      worolde brce.
     r ws sang and swg      samod tgdere
1065 fore Healfdenes      hilde-wsan,
     gomen-wudu grted,      gid oft wrecen,
     onne heal-gamen      Hrgres scp
     fter medo-bence      mnan scolde
     Finnes eaferum,       hie se fr begeat:
1070 "Hle Healfdenes,      Hnf Scyldinga,
     "in Fr..es wle      feallan scolde.
     "Ne hru Hildeburh      hrian orfte
     "Eotena trewe:      unsynnum wear
     "beloren lefum      t am lind-plegan
1075 "bearnum and brrum;      hie on gebyrd hruron
     "gre wunde;      t ws gemuru ides.
     "Nalles hlinga      Hces dhtor
     "meotod-sceaft bemearn,      syan morgen com,
     " he under swegle      gesen meahte
1080 "moror-bealo mga,      r he r mste held
     "worolde wynne:      wg ealle fornam
     "Finnes egnas,      nemne feum num,
     "t he ne mehte      on m meel-stede
     "wg Hengeste      wiht gefeohtan,
1085 "ne  we-lfe      wge forringan
     "ednes egne;       ac hig him geingo budon,
     "t hie him er flet      eal germdon,
     "healle and heh-setl,      t hie healfre geweald
     "wi Eotena bearn      gan mston,
1090 "and t feoh-gyftum      Folcwaldan sunu
     "dgra gehwylce      Dene weorode,
     "Hengestes hep      hringum wenede,
     "efne sw swe      sinc-gestrenum
     "fttan goldes,      sw he Fresena cyn
1095 "on ber-sele      byldan wolde.
     " hie getrwedon      on tw healfa
     "fste friou-wre;      Fin Hengeste
     "elne unflitme      um benemde,
     "t he  we-lfe      weotena dme
1100 "rum heolde,      t r nig mon
     "wordum ne worcum      wre ne brce,
     "ne urh inwit-searo      fre gemnden,
     "eh hie hira beg-gyfan      banan folgedon
     "eden-lese,       him sw geearfod ws:
1105 "gyf onne Frysna hwylc      frcnan sprce
     "s moror-hetes      myndgiend wre,
     "onne hit sweordes ecg      syan scolde.
     " ws gefned      and icge gold
     "hfen of horde.      Here-Scyldinga
1110 "betst beado-rinca      ws on bl gearu;
     "t m de ws      -gesne
     "swt-fh syrce,      swn eal-gylden,
     "eofer ren-heard,      eling manig
     "wundum wyrded;      sume on wle crungon.
1115 "Ht  Hildeburh      t Hnfes de
     "hire selfre sunu      sweoloe befstan,
     "bn-fatu brnan      and on bl dn.
     "Earme on eaxle      ides gnornode,
     "gemrode giddum;      g-rinc sth.
1120 "Wand t wolcnum      wl-fra mst,
     "hlynode for hlwe;      hafelan multon,
     "ben-geato burston,      onne bld tspranc
     "l-bite lces.      Lg ealle forswealg,
     "gsta gfrost,      ra e r g fornam
1125 "bega folces;      ws hira bld scacen.


XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.

     "Gewiton him  wgend      wca nesian,
     "frendum befeallen      Frysland gesen,
     "hmas and he-burh.      Hengest  gyt
     "wl-fgne winter      wunode mid Finne
1130 "ealles unhlitme;      eard gemunde,
     "eh e he ne meahte      on mere drfan
     "hringed-stefnan;      holm storme wel,
     "won wi winde;      winter e belec
     "s-gebinde       t er com
1135 "ger in geardas,      sw nu gyt d,
     " e syngales      sle bewitia,
     "wuldor-torhtan weder.       ws winter scacen,
     "fger foldan bearm;      fundode wrecca,
     "gist of geardum;      he t gyrn-wrce
1140 "swor hte,      onne t s-lde,
     "gif he torn-gemt      urhten mihte,
     "t he Eotena bearn      inne gemunde.
     "Sw he ne forwyrnde      worold-rdenne,
     "onne him Hnlfing      hilde-leman,
1145 "billa slest,      on bearm dyde:
     "s wron mid Eotenum      ecge ce.
     "Swylce ferh-frecan      Fin eft begeat
     "sweord-bealo slen      t his selfes hm,
     "sian grimne gripe      Glaf ond slf
1150 "fter s-sie      sorge mndon,
     "twiton wena dl;      ne meahte wfre md
     "forhabban in hrere.       ws heal hroden
     "fenda feorum,      swilce Fin slgen,
     "cyning on corre,      and se cwn numen.
1155 "Scetend Scyldinga      t scypum feredon
     "eal in-gesteald      eor-cyninges,
     "swylce hie t Finnes hm      findan meahton
     "sigla searo-gimma.      Hie on s-lde
     "drihtlce wf      t Denum feredon,
1160 "lddon t ledum."      Le ws sungen,
     gle-mannes gyd.      Gamen eft sth,
     beorhtode benc-swg,      byrelas sealdon
     wn of wunder-fatum.       cwom Wealhe for
     gn under gyldnum bege,      r  gdan twegen
1165 ston suhter-gefderan;       gyt ws hiera sib tgdere
     ghwylc rum trwe.      Swylce r nfer yle
     t ftum st fren Scyldinga:      gehwylc hiora his ferhe trewde,
     t he hfde md micel,      eh e he his mgum nre
     rfst t ecga gelcum.      Sprc  ides Scyldinga:
1170 "Onfh issum fulle,      fre-drihten mn,
     "sinces brytta;      u on slum wes,
     "gold-wine gumena,      and t Getum sprec
     "mildum wordum!      Sw sceal man dn.
     "Be wi Getas gld,      geofena gemyndig;
1175 "nen and feorran      u nu friu hafast.
     "Me man sgde,      t u e for sunu wolde
     "here-rinc habban.      Heorot is geflsod,
     "beh-sele beorhta;      brc enden u mte
     "manigra mda      and num mgum lf
1180 "folc and rce,      onne u for scyle
     "metod-sceaft sen.      Ic mnne can
     "gldne Hrulf,      t he  geogoe wile
     "rum healdan,      gyf u r onne he,
     "wine Scildinga,      worold ofltest;
1185 "wne ic, t he mid gde      gyldan wille
     "uncran eaferan,      gif he t eal gemon,
     "hwt wit t willan      and t wor-myndum
     "umbor wesendum r      rna gefremedon."
     Hwearf  b bence,      r hyre byre wron,
1190 Hrrc and Hrmund,      and hlea bearn,
     giogo tgdere;      r se gda st
     Bewulf Geta      be m gebrrum twm.


XIX. BEWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.

     Him ws ful boren      and frend-lau
     wordum bewgned      and wunden gold
1195 stum geewed,      earm-hrede tw,
     hrgl and hringas,      heals-bega mst
     ra e ic on foldan      gefrgen hbbe.
     Nnigne ic under swegle      slran hrde
     hord-mum hlea,      syan Hma twg
1200 t re byrhtan byrig      Brosinga mene,
     sigle and sinc-ft,      searo-nas fealh
     Eormenrces,      geces cne rd.
     one hring hfde      Higelc Geta,
     nefa Swertinges,      nhstan se,
1205 sian he under segne      sinc ealgode,
     wl-ref werede;      hyne Wyrd fornam,
     syan he for wlenco      wen hsode,
     fhe t Frysum;      he  frtwe wg,
     eorclan-stnas      ofer a ful,
1210 rce eden,      he under rande gecranc;
     gehwearf  in Francna fm      feorh cyninges,
     brest-gewdu      and se beh somod:
     wyrsan wg-frecan      wl refedon
     fter g-sceare,      Geta lede
1215 hre-wc heldon.      Heal swge onfng.
     Wealhe maelode,      he fore m werede sprc:
     "Brc isses beges,      Bewulf, lefa
     "hyse, mid hle,      and isses hrgles net
     "ed-gestrena,      and geeh tela,
1220 "cen ec mid crfte      and yssum cnyhtum wes
     "lra le!      ic e s len geman.
     "Hafast u gefred,      t e feor and neh
     "ealne wde-ferh      weras ehtiga,
     "efne sw sde      sw s bebge
1225 "windige weallas.      Wes, enden u lifige,
     "eling edig!      ic e an tela
     "sinc-gestrena.      Be u suna mnum
     "ddum gedfe      drem healdende!
     "Her is ghwylc eorl      rum getrwe,
1230 "mdes milde,      man-drihtne hold,
     "egnas syndon gewre,      ed eal gearo:
     "druncne dryht-guman,      d sw ic bidde!"
     Eode  t setle.      r ws symbla cyst,
     druncon wn weras:      wyrd ne con,
1235 ge-sceaft grimme,      sw hit gangen wear
     eorla manegum,      syan fen cwom
     and him Hrgr gewt      t hofe snum,
     rce t rste.      Reced weardode
     unrm eorla,      sw hie oft r dydon:
1240 benc-elu beredon,      hit geond-brded wear
     beddum and bolstrum.      Ber-scealca sum
     fs and fge      flet-rste gebeg.
     Setton him t hefdum      hilde-randas,
     bord-wudu beorhtan;      r on bence ws
1245 ofer elinge      -gesne
     heao-stepa helm,      hringed byrne,
     rec-wudu rymlc.      Ws ew hyra,
     t hie oft wron      an wg gearwe,
     ge t hm ge on herge,      ge gehwer ra
1250 efne swylce mla,      swylce hira man-dryhtne
     earf geslde;      ws se ed tilu.


XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.

     Sigon  t slpe.      Sum sre angeald
     fen-rste,      sw him ful-oft gelamp,
     sian gold-sele      Grendel warode,
1255 unriht fnde,       t ende becwom,
     swylt fter synnum.      t gesne wear,
     wd-c werum,      tte wrecend  gyt
     lifde fter lum,      lange rage
     fter g-ceare;      Grendles mdor,
1260 ides aglc-wf      yrme gemunde,
     se e wter-egesan      wunian scolde,
     cealde stremas,      sian Cain wear
     t ecg-banan      ngan brer,
     fderen-mge;      he  fg gewt,
1265 morre gemearcod      man-drem flen,
     wsten warode.      anon wc fela
     gesceaft-gsta;      ws ra Grendel sum,
     heoro-wearh hetelc,      se t Heorote fand
     wccendne wer      wges bdan,
1270 r him aglca      t-grpe wear;
     hwre he gemunde      mgenes strenge,
     gim-fste gife,      e him god sealde,
     and him t anwaldan      re gelfde,
     frfre and fultum:       he one fend ofercwom,
1275 gehngde helle gst:       he hen gewt,
     dreme bedled      de-wc sen,
     man-cynnes fend.      And his mdor  gyt
     gfre and galg-md      gegn wolde
     sorh-fulne s,      suna de wrecan.
1280 Com  t Heorote,      r Hring-Dene
     geond t sld swfun.       r sna wear
     ed-hwyrft eorlum,      sian inne fealh
     Grendles mdor;      ws se gryre lssa
     efne sw micle,      sw bi mga crft,
1285 wg-gryre wfes      be wpned-men,
     onne heoru bunden,      hamere geuren,
     sweord swte fh      swn ofer helme,
     ecgum dyhtig      andweard scire.
      ws on healle      heard-ecg togen,
1290 sweord ofer setlum,      sd-rand manig
     hafen handa fst;      helm ne gemunde,
     byrnan sde,      e hine se brga angeat.
     He ws on fste,      wolde t anon
     feore beorgan,       he onfunden ws;
1295 hrae he elinga      nne hfde
     fste befangen,       he t fenne gang;
     se ws Hrgre      hlea lefost
     on geses hd      be sm tweonum,
     rce rand-wga,      one e he on rste bret,
1300 bld-fstne beorn.      Ns Bewulf r,
     ac ws er in      r geteohhod
     fter mum-gife      mrum Gete.
     Hrem wear on Heorote.      He under heolfre genam
     ce folme;      cearu ws geniwod
1305 geworden in wcum:      ne ws t gewrixle til,
     t hie on b healfa      bicgan scoldon
     frenda feorum.       ws frd cyning,
     hr hilde-rinc,      on hren mde,
     syan he aldor-egn      unlyfigendne,
1310 one derestan      dedne wisse.
     Hrae ws t bre      Bewulf fetod,
     sigor-edig secg.      Samod r-dge
     eode eorla sum,      ele cempa
     self mid gesum,      r se snottra bd,
1315 hwre him al-walda      fre wille
     fter we-spelle      wyrpe gefremman.
     Gang  fter flre      fyrd-wyre man
     mid his hand-scale      (heal-wudu dynede)
     t he one wsan      wordum hngde
1320 fren Ingwina;      frgn gif him wre
     fter ned-lau      niht getse.


XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: SCHERE'S DEATH.

     Hrgr maelode,      helm Scildinga:
     "Ne frin u fter slum!      Sorh is geniwod
     "Denigea ledum.      Ded is sc-here,
1325 "Yrmenlfes      yldra bror,
     "mn rn-wita      and mn rd-bora,
     "eaxl-gestealla,      onne we on orlege
     "hafelan weredon,      onne hniton fan,
     "eoferas cnysedan;      swylc scolde eorl wesan
1330 "eling r-gd,      swylc sc-here ws.
     "Wear him on Heorote      t hand-banan
     "wl-gst wfre;      ic ne wt hwder
     "atol se wlanc      eft-sas teh,
     "fylle gefrgnod.      He  fhe wrc,
1335 "e u gystran niht      Grendel cwealdest
     "urh hstne hd      heardum clammum,
     "foran he t lange      lede mne
     "wanode and wyrde.      He t wge gecrang
     "ealdres scyldig,      and nu er cwom
1340 "mihtig mn-scaa,      wolde hyre mg wrecan,
     "ge feor hafa      fhe gestled,
     "s e incean mg      egne monegum,
     "se e fter sinc-gyfan      on sefan grete,
     "hreer-bealo hearde;      nu se hand lige,
1345 "se e ew wel-hwylcra      wilna dohte.
     "Ic t lond-bend      lede mne
     "sele-rdende      secgan hrde,
     "t hie geswon      swylce twegen
     "micle mearc-stapan      mras healdan,
1350 "ellor-gstas:      ra er ws,
     "s e hie gewislcost      gewitan meahton,
     "idese onlcnes,      er earm-sceapen
     "on weres wstmum      wrc-lstas trd,
     "nfne he ws mra      onne nig man er,
1355 "one on ger-dagum      Grendel nemdon
     "fold-bende:      n hie fder cunnon,
     "hwer him nig ws      r cenned
     "dyrnra gsta.      Hie dgel lond
     "warigea, wulf-hleou,      windige nssas,
1360 "frcne fen-geld,      r fyrgen-strem
     "under nssa genipu      nier gewte,
     "fld under foldan;      nis t feor heonon
     "ml-gemearces,      t se mere stande,
     "ofer m hongia      hrmge bearwas,
1365 "wudu wyrtum fst,      wter oferhelma.
     "r mg nihta gehwm      n-wundor sen,
     "fr on flde;      n s frd leofa
     "gumena bearna,      t one grund wite;
     "eh e h-stapa      hundum geswenced,
1370 "heorot hornum trum      holt-wudu sce,
     "feorran geflmed,      r he feorh sele,
     "aldor on fre,      r he in wille,
     "hafelan hdan.      Nis t heru stw:
     "onon -geblond      up stge
1375 "won t wolcnum,      onne wind styre
     "l gewidru,       t lyft drysma,
     "roderas reta.      Nu is rd gelang
     "eft t e num!      Eard git ne const,
     "frcne stwe,      r u findan miht
1380 "sinnigne secg:      sc gif u dyrre!
     "Ic e  fhe      fe lenige,
     "eald-gestrenum,      sw ic r dyde,
     "wundnum golde,      gyf u on weg cymest."


XXII. BEWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.

     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma!      slre bi ghwm,
     "t he his frend wrece,      onne he fela murne;
     "re ghwylc sceal      ende gebdan
     "worolde lfes;      wyrce se e mte
     "dmes r dee!      t bi driht-guman
1390 "unlifgendum      fter slest.
     "rs, rces weard;      uton hrae fran,
     "Grendles mgan      gang scewigan!
     "Ic hit e gehte:      n he on helm losa,
     "ne on foldan fm,      ne on fyrgen-holt,
1395 "ne on gyfenes grund,      g r he wille.
     "ys dgor u      geyld hafa
     "wena gehwylces,      sw ic e wne t!"
     hlep  se gomela,      gode ancode,
     mihtigan drihtne,      s se man gesprc.
1400  ws Hrgre      hors gebted,
     wicg wunden-feax.      Wsa fengel
     geatolc gengde;      gum-fa stp
     lind-hbbendra.      Lstas wron
     fter wald-swaum      wde gesne,
1405 gang ofer grundas;      gegnum fr 
     ofer myrcan mr,      mago-egna br
     one slestan      swol-lesne,
     ra e mid Hrgre      hm eahtode.
     Ofer-eode       elinga bearn
1410 step stn-hlio,      stge nearwe,
     enge n-paas,      un-c geld,
     neowle nssas,      nicor-hsa fela;
     he fera sum      beforan gengde
     wsra monna,      wong scewian,
1415  t he fringa      fyrgen-bemas
     ofer hrne stn      hleonian funde,
     wyn-lesne wudu;      wter under std
     drerig and gedrfed.      Denum eallum ws,
     winum Scyldinga,      weorce on mde,
1420 t geolianne      egne monegum,
     onc eorla gehwm,      syan sc-heres
     on am holm-clife      hafelan mtton.
     Fld blde wel      (folc t sgon)
     htan heolfre.      Horn stundum song
1425 fslc fyrd-le.      Fa eal gest;
     geswon  fter wtere      wyrm-cynnes fela,
     sellce s-dracan      sund cunnian,
     swylce on ns-hleoum      nicras licgean,
      on undern-ml      oft bewitiga
1430 sorh-fulne s      on segl-rde,
     wyrmas and wil-der;      hie on weg hruron
     bitere and gebolgne,      bearhtm ongeton,
     g-horn galan.      Sumne Geta led
     of fln-bogan      feores getwfde,
1435 -gewinnes,      t him on aldre std
     here-strl hearda;      he on holme ws
     sundes e snra,      e hyne swylt fornam.
     Hre wear on um      mid eofer-spretum
     heoro-hcyhtum      hearde genearwod,
1440 na genged      and on ns togen
     wundorlc wg-bora;      weras scewedon
     gryrelcne gist.      Gyrede hine Bewulf
     eorl-gewdum,      nalles for ealdre mearn:
     scolde here-byrne      hondum gebroden,
1445 sd and searo-fh,      sund cunnian,
     se e bn-cfan      beorgan ce,
     t him hilde-grp      hrere ne mihte,
     eorres inwit-feng,      aldre gescean;
     ac se hwta helm      hafelan werede,
1450 se e mere-grundas      mengan scolde,
     scan sund-gebland      since geweorad,
     befongen fre-wrsnum,      sw hine fyrn-dagum
     worhte wpna smi,      wundrum tede,
     besette swn-lcum,      t hine syan n
1455 brond ne beado-mcas      btan ne meahton.
     Ns t onne mtost      mgen-fultuma,
     t him on earfe lh      yle Hrgres;
     ws m hft-mce      Hrunting nama,
     t ws n foran      eald-gestrena;
1460 ecg ws ren      ter-terum fh,
     hyrded heao-swte;      nfre hit t hilde ne swc
     manna ngum      ra e hit mid mundum bewand,
     se e gryre-sas      gegn dorste,
     folc-stede fra;      ns t forma s,
1465 t hit ellen-weorc      fnan scolde.
     Hru ne gemunde      mago Ecglfes
     eafoes crftig,      t he r gesprc
     wne druncen,       he s wpnes onlh
     slran sweord-frecan:      selfa ne dorste
1470 under a gewin      aldre genan,
     driht-scype dregan;      r he dme forles,
     ellen-mrum.      Ne ws m rum sw,
     syan he hine t ge      gegyred hfde.


XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.

     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
1475 "geenc nu, se mra      maga Healfdenes,
     "snottra fengel,      nu ic eom ses fs,
     "gold-wine gumena,      hwt wit ge sprcon,
     "gif ic t earfe      nre scolde
     "aldre linnan,      t u me  wre
1480 "for-gewitenum      on fder stle;
     "wes u mund-bora mnum      mago-egnum,
     "hond-gesellum,      gif mec hild nime:
     "swylce u  mdmas,      e u me sealdest,
     "Hrgr lefa,      Higelce onsend.
1485 "Mg onne on m golde ongitan      Geta dryhten,
     "gesen sunu Hrles,      onne he on t sinc stara,
     "t ic gum-cystum      gdne funde
     "bega bryttan,      brec onne mste.
     "And u nfer lt      ealde lfe,
1490 "wrtlc wg-sweord      wd-cne man
     "heard-ecg habban;      ic me mid Hruntinge
     "dm gewyrce,      oe mec de nime."
     fter m wordum      Weder-Geta led
     fste mid elne,      nalas andsware
1495 bdan wolde;      brim-wylm onfng
     hilde-rince.       ws hwl dges,
     r he one grund-wong      ongytan mehte.
     Sna t onfunde,      se e flda begong
     heoro-gfre beheld      hund missera,
1500 grim and grdig,      t r gumena sum
     l-wihta eard      ufan cunnode.
     Grp  tgenes,      g-rinc gefng
     atolan clommum;      n  r in gescd
     hlan lce:      hring tan ymb-bearh,
1505 t he one fyrd-hom      urh-fn ne mihte,
     locene leoo-syrcan      lan fingrum.
     Br  se brim-wylf,       he t botme com,
     hringa engel      t hofe snum,
     sw he ne mihte n      (he s mdig ws)
1510 wpna gewealdan,      ac hine wundra s fela
     swencte on sunde,      s-der monig
     hilde-tuxum      here-syrcan brc,
     hton aglcan.       se eorl ongeat,
     t he in ni-sele      nt-hwylcum ws,
1515 r him nnig wter      wihte ne sceede,
     ne him for hrf-sele      hrnan ne mehte
     fr-gripe fldes:      fr-leht geseah,
     blcne leman      beorhte scnan.
     Ongeat  se gda      grund-wyrgenne,
1520 mere-wf mihtig;      mgen-rs forgeaf
     hilde-bille,      hond swenge ne ofteh,
     t hire on hafelan      hring-ml gl
     grdig g-le.       se gist onfand,
     t se beado-lema      btan nolde,
1525 aldre scean,      ac se ecg geswc
     edne t earfe:      olode r fela
     hond-gemta,      helm oft gescr,
     fges fyrd-hrgl:      t ws forma s
     derum mme,      t his dm lg.
1530 Eft ws n-rd,      nalas elnes lt,
     mra gemyndig      mg Hygelces;
     wearp  wunden-ml      wrttum gebunden
     yrre oretta,      t hit on eoran lg,
     st and stl-ecg;      strenge getrwode,
1535 mund-gripe mgenes.      Sw sceal man dn,
     onne he t ge      gegn ence
     longsumne lof,      n ymb his lf ceara.
     Gefng  be eaxle      (nalas for fhe mearn)
     G-Geta led      Grendles mdor;
1540 brgd  beadwe heard,       he gebolgen ws,
     feorh-genlan,      t he on flet gebeh.
     He him eft hrae      and-len forgeald
     grimman grpum      and him tgenes fng;
     oferwearp  wrig-md      wgena strengest,
1545 fe-cempa,      t he on fylle wear.
     Ofst  one sele-gyst      and hyre seaxe geteh,
     brd and brn-ecg      wolde hire bearn wrecan,
     ngan eaferan.      Him on eaxle lg
     brest-net broden;      t gebearh feore,
1550 wi ord and wi ecge      ingang forstd.
     Hfde  forsod      sunu Ecgewes
     under gynne grund,      Geta cempa,
     nemne him heao-byrne      helpe gefremede,
     here-net hearde,      and hlig god
1555 geweld wg-sigor,      witig drihten;
     rodera rdend      hit on ryht gescd,
     elce      syan he eft std.


XXIV. BEWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.

     Geseah  on searwum      sige-edig bil,
     eald sweord eotenisc      ecgum yhtig,
1560 wgena weor-mynd:      t ws wpna cyst,
     bton hit ws mre      onne nig mon er
     t beadu-lce      tberan meahte
     gd and geatolc      giganta geweorc.
     He gefng  fetel-hilt,      freca Scildinga,
1565 hreh and heoro-grim      hring-ml gebrgd,
     aldres orwna,      yrringa slh,
     t hire wi halse      heard grpode,
     bn-hringas brc,      bil eal urh-wd
     fgne flsc-homan,      he on flet gecrong;
1570 sweord ws swtig,      secg weorce gefeh.
     Lixte se lema,      leht inne std,
     efne sw of hefene      hdre scne
     rodores candel.      He fter recede wlt,
     hwearf  be wealle,      wpen hafenade
1575 heard be hiltum      Higelces egn,
     yrre and n-rd.      Ns se ecg fracod
     hilde-rince,      ac he hrae wolde
     Grendle forgyldan      g-rsa fela
     ra e he geworhte      t West-Denum
1580 oftor micle      onne on nne s,
     onne he Hrgres      heor-genetas
     slh on sweofote,      slpende frt
     folces Denigea      ff-tyne men
     and er swylc      t of-ferede,
1585 llcu lc.      He him s len forgeald,
     re cempa,      t s e he on rste geseah
     g-wrigne      Grendel licgan,
     aldor-lesne,      sw him r gescd
     hild t Heorote;      hr wde sprong,
1590 syan he fter dee      drepe rowade,
     heoro-sweng heardne,      and hine  hefde becearf,
     Sna t geswon      snottre ceorlas,
      e mid Hrgre      on holm wliton,
     t ws -geblond      eal gemenged,
1595 brim blde fh:      blonden-feaxe
     gomele ymb gdne      ongeador sprcon,
     t hig s elinges      eft ne wndon,
     t he sige-hrig      scean cme
     mrne eden;       s monige gewear,
1600 t hine se brim-wylf      broten hfde.
      com nn dges.      Ns ofgefon
     hwate Scyldingas; gewt him hm onon
     gold-wine gumena.      Gistas stan,
     mdes sece,      and on mere staredon,
1605 wiston and ne wndon,      t hie heora wine-drihten
     selfne geswon.       t sweord ongan
     fter heao-swte      hilde-gicelum
     wg-bil wanian;      t ws wundra sum,
     t hit eal gemealt      se gelcost,
1610 onne forstes bend      fder onlte,
     onwinde wl-rpas,      se e geweald hafa
     sla and mla;      t is s metod.
     Ne nom he in m wcum,      Weder-Geta led,
     mm-hta m,      h he r monige geseah,
1615 bton one hafelan      and  hilt somod,
     since fge;      sweord r gemealt,
     forbarn broden ml:      ws t bld t s ht,
     ttren ellor-gst,      se r inne swealt.
     Sna ws on sunde,      se e r t scce gebd
1620 wg-hryre wrra,      wter up urh-def;
     wron -gebland      eal geflsod,
     ecne eardas,       se ellor-gst
     oflt lf-dagas      and s lnan gesceaft.
     Com  t lande      lid-manna helm
1625 sw-md swymman,      s-lce gefeah,
     mgen-byrenne      ra e he him mid hfde.
     Eodon him  tgenes,      gode ancodon,
     rylc egna hep,      ednes gefgon,
     s e hi hyne gesundne      gesen mston.
1630  ws of m hrran      helm and byrne
     lungre lsed:      lagu drusade,
     wter under wolcnum,      wl-drere fg.
     Frdon for onon      fe-lstum
     ferhum fgne,      fold-weg mton,
1635 ce strte;      cyning-balde men
     from m holm-clife      hafelan bron
     earfolce      heora ghwrum
     fela-mdigra:      fewer scoldon
     on m wl-stenge      weorcum geferian
1640 t m gold-sele      Grendles hefod,
      t semninga      t sele cmon
     frome fyrd-hwate      fewer-tyne
     Geta gongan;      gum-dryhten mid
     mdig on gemonge      meodo-wongas trd.
1645  com in gn      ealdor egna,
     dd-cne mon      dme gewurad,
     hle hilde-der.      Hrgr grtan:
      ws be feaxe      on flet boren
     Grendles hefod,      r guman druncon,
1650 egeslc for eorlum      and re idese mid:
     wlite-sen wrtlc      weras onswon.


XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.

     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
     "Hwt! we e s s-lc,      sunu Healfdenes,
     "led Scyldinga,      lustum brhton,
1655 "tres t tcne,      e u her t lcast.
     "Ic t unsfte      ealdre gedgde:
     "wge under wtere      weorc gende
     "earfolce,      t-rihte ws
     "g getwfed,      nyme mec god scylde.
1660 "Ne meahte ic t hilde      mid Hruntinge
     "wiht gewyrcan,      eh t wpen duge,
     "ac me gee      ylda waldend,
     "t ic on wage geseah      wlitig hangian
     "eald sweord ecen      (oftost wsode
1665 "winigea lesum)      t ic  wpne gebrd.
     "Ofslh  t re scce      ( me sl geald)
     "hses hyrdas.       t hilde-bil
     "forbarn, brogden ml,      sw t bld gesprang,
     "htost heao-swta:      ic t hilt anan
1670 "fendum tferede;      fyren-dda wrc,
     "de-cwealm Denigea,      sw hit gedfe ws.
     "Ic hit e onne gehte,      t u on Heorote mst
     "sorh-les swefan      mid nra secga gedryht,
     "and egna gehwylc      nra leda,
1675 "dugue and iogoe,      t u him ondrdan ne earft,
     "eden Scyldinga,      on  healfe,
     "aldor-bealu eorlum,      sw u r dydest."
      ws gylden hilt      gamelum rince.
     hrum hild-fruman,      on hand gyfen,
1680 enta r-geweorc,      hit on ht gehwearf
     fter defla hryre      Denigea fren,
     wundor-smia geweorc,      and  s worold ofgeaf
     grom-heort guma,      godes andsaca,
     morres scyldig,      and his mdor ec;
1685 on geweald gehwearf      worold-cyninga
     m slestan      be sm twenum
     ra e on Sceden-igge      sceattas dlde.
     Hrgr maelode,      hylt scewode,
     ealde lfe,      on m ws r writen
1690 fyrn-gewinnes:      syan fld ofslh,
     gifen getende,      giganta cyn,
     frcne gefrdon:      t ws fremde ed
     cean dryhtne,      him s ende-len
     urh wteres wylm      waldend sealde.
1695 Sw ws on m scennum      scran goldes
     urh rn-stafas      rihte gemearcod,
     geseted and gesd,      hwm t sweord geworht,
     rena cyst      rest wre,
     wreoen-hilt and wyrm-fh.       se wsa sprc
1700 sunu Healfdenes      (swgedon ealle):
     "t l mg secgan,      se e s and riht
     "freme on folce,      (feor eal gemon
     "eald el-weard),      t es eorl wre
     "geboren betera!      Bld is rred
1705 "geond wd-wegas,      wine mn Bewulf,
     "n ofer eda gehwylce.      Eal u hit geyldum healdest,
     "mgen mid mdes snyttrum.      Ic e sceal mne gelstan
     "frede, sw wit furum sprcon;      u scealt t frfre weoran
     "eal lang-twidig      ledum num,
1710 "hleum t helpe.      Ne wear Heremd sw
     "eaforum Ecgwelan,      r-Scyldingum;
     "ne gewex he him t willan,      ac t wl-fealle
     "and t de-cwalum      Deniga ledum;
     "bret bolgen-md      bed-genetas,
1715 "eaxl-gesteallan,       t he na hwearf,
     "mre eden.      mon-dremum from:
     "eh e hine mihtig god      mgenes wynnum,
     "eafeum stpte,      ofer ealle men
     "for gefremede,      hwere him on ferhe grew
1720 "brest-hord bld-rew:      nallas begas geaf
     "Denum fter dme;      drem-les gebd,
     "t he s gewinnes      weorc rowade,
     "led-bealo longsum.      u e lr be on,
     "gum-cyste ongit!      ic is gid be e
1725 "wrc wintrum frd.      Wundor is t secganne,
     "h mihtig god      manna cynne
     "urh sdne sefan      snyttru brytta,
     "eard and eorl-scipe,      he h ealra geweald.
     "Hwlum he on lufan      lte hworfan
1730 "monnes md-geonc      mran cynnes,
     "sele him on le      eoran wynne,
     "t healdanne      hle-burh wera,
     "ged him sw gewealdene      worolde dlas,
     "sde rce,      t he his selfa ne mg
1735 "for his un-snyttrum      ende geencean;
     "wuna he on wiste,      n hine wiht dwele,
     "dl ne yldo,      ne him inwit-sorh
     "on sefan sweorce,      ne gesacu hwr,
     "ecg-hete ewe,      ac him eal worold
1740 "wende on willan;      he t wyrse ne con,
     " t him on innan      ofer-hygda dl
     "weaxe and wrida,      onne se weard swefe,
     "swele hyrde:      bi se slp t fst,
     "bisgum gebunden,      bona swe neh,
1745 "se e of fln-bogan      fyrenum scete.


XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.--BEWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.

     "onne bi on hrere      under helm drepen
     "biteran strle:      him bebeorgan ne con
     "wom wundor-bebodum      wergan gstes;
     "ince him t lytel,      t he t lange held,
1750 "gtsa grom-hydig,      nallas on gylp sele
     "ftte begas      and he  for-gesceaft
     "forgyte and forgme,      s e him r god sealde
     "wuldres waldend,      weor-mynda dl.
     "Hit on ende-stf      eft gelimpe,
1755 "t se lc-homa      lne gedrese,
     "fge gefealle;      fh er t,
     "se e unmurnlce      mdmas dle,
     "eorles r-gestren,      egesan ne gme.
     "Bebeorh e one bealo-n,      Bewulf lefa,
1760 "secg se betsta,      and e t slre geces,
     "ce rdas;      oferhyda ne gm,
     "mre cempa!      Nu is nes mgnes bld
     "ne hwle;      eft sna bi,
     "t ec dl oe ecg      eafoes getwfe,
1765 "oe fres feng      oe fldes wylm,
     "oe gripe mces      oe gres fliht,
     "oe atol yldo,      oe egena bearhtm
     "forsite and forsworce;      semninga bi,
     "t ec, dryht-guma,      de oferswe.
1770 "Sw ic Hring-Dena      hund missera
     "weld under wolcnum,      and hig wge belec
     "manigum mga      geond ysne middan-geard,
     "scum and ecgum,      t ic me nigne
     "under swegles begong      gesacan ne tealde.
1775 "Hwt! me s on le      edwenden cwom,
     "gyrn fter gomene,      seoan Grendel wear,
     "eald-gewinna,      in-genga mn:
     "ic re scne      singales wg
     "md-ceare micle.      s sig metode anc,
1780 "cean drihtne,      s e ic on aldre gebd,
     "t ic on one hafelan      heoro-drerigne
     "ofer eald gewin      egum starige!
     "G nu t setle,      symbel-wynne dreh
     "wgge weorad:      unc sceal worn fela
1785 "mma gemnra,      sian morgen bi."
     Get ws gld-md,      geng sna t,
     setles nesan,      sw se snottra hht.
      ws eft sw r      ellen-rfum,
     flet-sittendum      fgere gereorded
1790 niwan stefne.      Niht-helm geswearc
     deorc ofer dryht-gumum.      Dugu eal rs;
     wolde blonden-feax      beddes nesan,
     gamela Scylding.      Get ungemetes wel,
     rfne rand-wgan      restan lyste:
1795 sna him sele-egn      ses wrgum,
     feorran-cundum      for wsade,
     se for andrysnum      ealle beweotede
     egnes earfe,      swylce  dgore
     heo-lende      habban scoldon.
1800 Reste hine  rm-heort;      reced hlifade
     gep and gold-fh,      gst inne swf,
      t hrefn blaca      heofones wynne
     bl-heort bodode.       com beorht sunne
     scacan ofer grundas;      scaan onetton,
1805 wron elingas      eft t ledum
     fse t farenne,      wolde feor anon
     cuma collen-ferh      celes nesan.
     Hht  se hearda      Hrunting beran,
     sunu Ecglfes,      hht his sweord niman,
1810 leflc ren;      sgde him s lenes anc,
     cw he one g-wine      gdne tealde,
     wg-crftigne,      nales wordum lg
     mces ecge:      t ws mdig secg.
     And  s-frome      searwum gearwe
1815 wgend wron,      eode weor Denum
     eling t yppan,      r se er ws
     hle hilde-der,      Hrgr grtte.


XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.

     Bewulf maelode,      bearn Ecgewes:
     "Nu we s-lend      secgan wylla
1820 "feorran cumene,      t we fundia
     "Higelc scan.      Wron her tela
     "willum bewenede;      u s wel dohtest.
     "Gif ic onne on eoran      wihte mg
     "nre md-lufan      mran tilian,
1825 "gumena dryhten,      onne ic gyt dyde,
     "g-geweorca      ic be gearo sna.
     "Gif ic t gefricge      ofer flda begang,
     "t ec ymbe-sittend      egesan wa,
     "sw ec hetende      hwlum dydon,
1830 "ic e senda      egna bringe,
     "hlea t helpe.      Ic on Higelce wt,
     "Geta dryhten,      eh e he geong s,
     "folces hyrde,      t he mec fremman wile
     "wordum and worcum,      t ic e wel herige,
1835 "and e t gece      gr-holt bere
     "mgenes fultum,      r e bi manna earf;
     "gif him onne Hrrc      t hofum Geta
     "geinge, ednes bearn,      he mg r fela
     "frenda findan:      feor-ce be
1840 "slran geshte      m e him selfa deh."
     Hrgr maelode      him on andsware:
     "e  word-cwydas      wittig drihten
     "on sefan sende!      ne hrde ic snotorlcor
     "on sw geongum feore      guman ingian:
1845 "u eart mgenes strang      and on mde frd,
     "ws word-cwida.      Wn ic talige,
     "gif t gegange,      t e gr nyme,
     "hild heoru-grimme      Hrles eaferan,
     "dl oe ren      ealdor nne,
1850 "folces hyrde,      and u n feorh hafast,
     "t e S-Getas      slran nbben
     "t gecesenne      cyning nigne,
     "hord-weard hlea,      gif u healdan wylt
     "mga rce.      Me n md-sefa
1855 "lca leng sw wel,      lefa Bewulf:
     "hafast u gefred,      t m folcum sceal,
     "Geta ledum      and Gr-Denum
     "sib gemnum      and sacu restan,
     "inwit-nas,      e hie r drugon;
1860 "wesan, enden ic wealde      wdan rces,
     "mmas gemne,      manig erne
     "gdum gegrtan      ofer ganotes b;
     "sceal hring-naca      ofer heu bringan
     "lc and luf-tcen.      Ic  lede wt
1865 "ge wi fend ge wi frend      fste geworhte
     "ghws untle      ealde wsan."
      git him eorla hle      inne gesealde,
     mago Healfdenes      mmas twelfe,
     ht hine mid m lcum      lede swse
1870 scean on gesyntum,      snde eft cuman.
     Gecyste       cyning elum gd,
     eden Scildinga,      egen betstan
     and be healse genam;      hruron him teras,
     blonden-feaxum:      him ws bega wn,
1875 ealdum infrdum,      res swor,
     t h seoan      gesen mston
     mdige on mele.      Ws him se man t on lef,
     t he one brest-wylm      forberan ne mehte,
     ac him on hrere      hyge-bendum fst
1880 fter derum men      dyrne langa
     beorn wi blde.      Him Bewulf anan,
     g-rinc gold-wlanc      grs-moldan trd,
     since hrmig:      s-genga bd
     gend-fren,      se e on ancre rd.
1885  ws on gange      gifu Hrgres
     oft gehted:      t ws n cyning
     ghws orleahtre,       t hine yldo benam
     mgenes wynnum,      se e oft manegum scd.


XXVIII. BEWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.--THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.

     Cwom  t flde      fela-mdigra
1890 hg-stealdra hep;      hring-net bron,
     locene leoo-syrcan.      Land-weard onfand
     eft-s eorla,      sw he r dyde;
     n he mid hearme      of hlies nosan
     gstas grtte,      ac him tgenes rd;
1895 cw t wilcuman      Wedera ledum
     scawan scr-hame      t scipe fron.
      ws on sande      s-gep naca
     hladen here-wdum,      hringed-stefna
     mearum and mmum:      mst hlifade
1900 ofer Hrgres      hord-gestrenum.
     He m bt-wearde      bunden golde
     swurd gesealde,      t he syan ws
     on meodu-bence      mme  weorra,
     yrfe-lfe.      Gewt him on -nacan,
1905 drfan dep wter,      Dena land ofgeaf.
      ws be mste      mere-hrgla sum,
     segl sle fst.      Sund-wudu unede,
     n r wg-flotan      wind ofer um
     ses getwfde;      s-genga fr,
1910 flet fmig-heals      for ofer e,
     bunden-stefna      ofer brim-stremas,
     t hie Geta clifu      ongitan meahton,
     ce nssas.      Cel up gerang,
     lyft-geswenced      on lande std.
1915 Hrae ws t holme      h-weard gearo,
     se e r lange td,      lefra manna
     fs, t faroe      feor wltode;
     slde t sande      sd-fme scip
     oncer-bendum fst,       ls hym a rym
1920 wudu wynsuman      forwrecan meahte.
     Ht  up beran      elinga gestren,
     frtwe and ft-gold;      ns him feor anon
     t gescanne      sinces bryttan:
     Higelc Hrling      r t hm wuna,
1925 selfa mid gesum      s-wealle neh;
     bold ws betlc,      brego-rf cyning,
     he on healle,      Hygd swe geong,
     ws, wel-ungen,      eh e wintra lyt
     under burh-locan      gebiden hbbe
1930 Hrees dhtor:      ns hi hnh sw eh,
     ne t gne gifa      Geta ledum,
     mm-gestrena.      Mod ryo wg,
     fremu folces cwn,      firen ondrysne:
     nnig t dorste      der genan
1935 swsra gesa,      nefne sin-fre,
     t hire an dges      egum starede;
     ac him wl-bende      weotode tealde,
     hand-gewriene:      hrae seoan ws
     fter mund-gripe      mce geinged,
1940 t hit sceaen-ml      scyran mste,
     cwealm-bealu can.      Ne bi swylc cwnlc ew
     idese t efnanne,      eh e hi nlcu s,
     tte freou-webbe      feores onsce
     fter lge-torne      lefne mannan.
1945 Hru t onhhsnode      Heminges mg;
     ealo drincende      er sdan,
     t hi led-bealewa      ls gefremede,
     inwit-na,      syan rest wear
     gyfen gold-hroden      geongum cempan,
1950 elum dire,      syan hi Offan flet
     ofer fealone fld      be fder lre
     se geshte,      r hi syan wel
     in gum-stle,      gde mre,
     lf-gesceafta      lifigende brec,
1955 hild heh-lufan      wi hlea brego,
     ealles mon-cynnes      mne gefrge
     one slestan      b sm twenum
     eormen-cynnes;      foram Offa ws
     geofum and gum      gr-cne man,
1960 wde geweorod;      wsdme held
     el snne,      onon Emr wc
     hleum t helpe,      Heminges mg,
     nefa Grmundes,      na crftig.


XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.

     Gewt him  se hearda      mid his hond-scole
1965 sylf fter sande      s-wong tredan,
     wde waroas.      Woruld-candel scn,
     sigel san fs:      h s drugon,
     elne geeodon,      t s e eorla hle,
     bonan Ongenewes      burgum on innan,
1970 geongne g-cyning      gdne gefrunon
     hringas dlan.      Higelce ws
     s Bewulfes      snde geced,
     t r on worig      wgendra hle,
     lind-gestealla      lifigende cwom,
1975 heao-lces hl      t hofe gongan.
     Hrae ws germed,      sw se rca bebed,
     fe-gestum      flet innan-weard.
     Gest  wi sylfne,      se  scce gens,
     mg wi mge,      syan man-dryhten
1980 urh hleor-cwyde      holdne gegrtte
     meaglum wordum.      Meodu-scencum
     hwearf geond t reced      Hrees dhtor:
     lufode  lede,      l-wge br
     hlum t handa.      Higelc ongan
1985 snne geseldan      in sele am hen
     fgre fricgean,      hyne fyrwet brc,
     hwylce S-Geta      sas wron:
     "H lomp ew on lde,      lefa Biwulf,
     " u fringa      feorr gehogodest,
1990 "scce scean      ofer sealt wter,
     "hilde t Hiorote?      Ac u Hrgre
     "wd-cne wen      wihte gebttest,
     "mrum edne?      Ic s md-ceare
     "sorh-wylmum se,      se ne trwode
1995 "lefes mannes;      ic e lange bd,
     "t u one wl-gst      wihte ne grtte,
     "lte S-Dene      sylfe geweoran
     "ge wi Grendel.      Gode ic anc secge,
     "s e ic e gesundne      gesen mste."
2000 Biwulf maelode,      bearn Ecgiwes:
     "t is undyrne,      dryhten Higelc,
     "mre gemting      monegum fira,
     "hwylc orleg-hwl      uncer Grendles
     "wear on am wange,      r he worna fela
2005 "Sige-Scildingum      sorge gefremede,
     "yrme t aldre;      ic t eal gewrc,
     "sw ne gylpan earf      Grendeles mga
     "nig ofer eoran      uht-hlem one,
     "se e lengest leofa      lan cynnes,
2010 "fenne bifongen.      Ic r furum cwom,
     "t am hring-sele      Hrgr grtan:
     "sna me se mra      mago Healfdenes,
     "syan he md-sefan      mnne ce,
     "wi his sylfes sunu      setl gethte.
2015 "Weorod ws on wynne;      ne seah ic wdan feorh
     "under heofenes hwealf      heal-sittendra
     "medu-drem mran.      Hwlum mru cwn,
     "friu-sibb folca      flet eall geond-hwearf,
     "bdde byre geonge;      oft hi beh-wrian
2020 "secge sealde,      r hi t setle geng.
     "Hwlum for dugue      dhtor Hrgres
     "eorlum on ende      ealu-wge br,
     " ic Freware      flet-sittende
     "nemnan hrde,      r hi ngled sinc
2025 "hleum sealde:      si gehten ws,
     "geong gold-hroden,      gladum suna Frdan;
     "hafa s geworden      wine Scyldinga
     "rces hyrde      and t rd tala,
     "t he mid  wfe      wl-fha dl,
2030 "scca gesette.      Oft n seldan hwr
     "fter led-hryre      lytle hwle
     "bon-gr bge,      eh se brd duge!


XXX. BEWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.

     "Mg s onne ofyncan      eden Heaobeardna
     "and egna gehwm      ra leda,
2035 "onne he mid fmnan      on flett g,
     "dryht-bearn Dena      dugua biwenede:
     "on him gladia      gomelra lfe
     "heard and hring-ml,      Heaobeardna gestren,
     "enden hie m wpnum      wealdan mston,
2040 " t hie forlddan      t am lind-plegan
     "swse gesas      ond hyra sylfra feorh.
     "onne cwi t bere,      se e beh gesyh,
     "eald sc-wga,      se e eall geman
     "gr-cwealm gumena      (him bi grim sefa),
2045 "onginne gemor-md      geongne cempan
     "urh hrera gehygd      higes cunnian,
     "wg-bealu weccean      and t word cwy:
     "'Meaht u, mn wine,      mce gecnwan,
     "'one in fder      t gefeohte br
2050 "'under here-grman      hindeman se,
     "'dre ren,      r hyne Dene slgon,
     "'weldon wl-stwe,      syan wier-gyld lg,
     "'fter hlea hryre,      hwate Scyldungas?
     "'Nu her ra banena      byre nt-hwylces,
2055 "'frtwum hrmig      on flet g,
     "'morres gylpe      and one mum byre,
     "'one e u mid rihte      rdan sceoldest!'"
     "Mana sw and myndga      mla gehwylce
     "srum wordum,       t sl cyme,
2060 "t se fmnan egn      fore fder ddum
     "fter billes bite      bld-fg swefe,
     "ealdres scyldig;      him se er onan
     "losa lifigende,      con him land geare.
     "onne bi brocene      on b healfe
2065 "-sweord eorla;      syan Ingelde
     "wealla wl-nas      and him wf-lufan
     "fter cear-wlmum      clran weora.
     " ic Heaobeardna      hyldo ne telge,
     "dryht-sibbe dl      Denum unfcne,
2070 "frend-scipe fstne.      Ic sceal for sprecan
     "gen ymbe Grendel,      t u geare cunne,
     "sinces brytta,      t hwan syan wear
     "hond-rs hlea.      Syan heofones gim
     "gld ofer grundas,      gst yrre cwom,
2075 "eatol fen-grom,      ser nesan,
     "r we gesunde      sl weardodon;
     "r ws Hondsci      hild onsge,
     "feorh-bealu fgum,      he fyrmest lg,
     "gyrded cempa;      him Grendel wear,
2080 "mrum magu-egne      t m-bonan,
     "lefes mannes      lc eall forswealg.
     "N  r t  gen      del-hende
     "bona bldig-t      bealewa gemyndig,
     "of am gold-sele      gongan wolde,
2085 "ac he mgnes rf      mn costode,
     "grpode gearo-folm.      Glf hangode
     "sd and syllc      searo-bendum fst,
     "si ws oroncum      eall gegyrwed
     "defles crftum      and dracan fellum:
2090 "he mec r on innan      unsynnigne,
     "dir dd-fruma,      gedn wolde,
     "manigra sumne:      hyt ne mihte sw,
     "syan ic on yrre      upp-riht std.
     "T lang ys t reccenne,      h ic am led-sceaan
2095 "yfla gehwylces      ond-len forgeald;
     "r ic, eden mn,      ne lede
     "weorode weorcum.      He on weg losade,
     "lytle hwle      lf-wynna brec;
     "hwre him si swre      swae weardade
2100 "hand on Hiorte      and he hen onan,
     "mdes gemor      mere-grund gefell.
     "Me one wl-rs      wine Scildunga
     "fttan golde      fela lenode,
     "manegum mmum,      syan mergen com
2105 "and we t symble      geseten hfdon.
     "r ws gidd and gle;      gomela Scilding
     "fela fricgende      feorran rehte;
     "hwlum hilde-der      hearpan wynne,
     "gomen-wudu grtte;      hwlum gyd wrc
2110 "s and srlc;      hwlum syllc spell
     "rehte fter rihte      rm-heort cyning.
     "Hwlum eft ongan      eldo gebunden,
     "gomel g-wga      giogue cwan
     "hilde-strengo;      hreer inne well,
2115 "onne he wintrum frd      worn gemunde.
     "Sw we r inne      andlangne dg
     "nide nman,       t niht becwom
     "er t yldum.       ws eft hrae
     "gearo gyrn-wrce      Grendeles mdor,
2120 "sode sorh-full;      sunu de fornam,
     "wg-hete Wedra.      Wf unhre
     "hyre bearn gewrc,      beorn cwealde
     "ellenlce;      r ws sc-here,
     "frdan fyrn-witan,      feorh genge;
2125 "ner hy hine ne mston,      syan mergen cwom,
     "de-wrigne      Denia lede
     "bronde forbrnan,      ne on bl hladan
     "lefne mannan:      hi t lc tbr
     "fendes fmum      under firgen-strem.
2130 "t ws Hrgre      hrewa tornost
     "ra e led-fruman      lange begete;
     " se eden mec      ne lfe
     "healsode hreh-md,      t ic on holma gering
     "eorl-scipe efnde,      ealdre gende,
2135 "mro fremede:      he me mde geht.
     "Ic  s wlmes,      e is wde c,
     "grimne gryrelcne      grund-hyrde fond.
     "r unc hwle ws      hand gemne;
     "holm heolfre well      and ic hefde becearf
2140 "in am grund-sele      Grendeles mdor
     "ecnum ecgum,      unsfte onan
     "feorh ferede;      ns ic fge  gyt,
     "ac me eorla hle      eft gesealde
     "mma menigeo,      maga Healfdenes.


XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH.
      BEWULF REIGNS.

2145 "Sw se ed-kyning      ewum lyfde;
     "nealles ic m lenum      forloren hfde,
     "mgnes mde,      ac he me mmas geaf,
     "sunu Healfdenes,      on snne sylfes dm;
     " ic e, beorn-cyning,      bringan wylle,
2150 "stum gewan.      Gen is eall t e
     "lissa gelong:      ic lyt hafo
     "hefod-mga,      nefne Hygelc ec!"
     Ht  in beran      eafor, hefod-segn,
     heao-stepne helm,      hre byrnan,
2155 g-sweord geatolc,      gyd fter wrc:
     "Me is hilde-sceorp      Hrgr sealde,
     "snotra fengel,      sume worde ht,
     "t ic his rest      e eft gesgde,
     "cw t hyt hfde      Hiorogr cyning,
2160 "led Scyldunga      lange hwle:
     "n  r suna snum      syllan wolde,
     "hwatum Heorowearde,      eh he him hold wre,
     "brest-gewdu.      Brc ealles well!"
     Hrde ic t m frtwum      fewer mearas
2165 lungre gelce      lst weardode,
     ppel-fealuwe;      he him st geteh
     meara and mma.      Sw sceal mg dn,
     nealles inwit-net      rum bregdan,
     dyrnum crfte      de rnian
2170 hond-gesteallan.      Hygelce ws,
     na heardum,      nefa swe hold
     and gehwer rum      hrra gemyndig.
     Hrde ic t he one heals-beh      Hygde gesealde,
     wrtlcne wundur-mum,      one e him Wealhe geaf,
2175 ednes dhtor,      ri wicg somod
     swancor and sadol-beorht;      hyre syan ws
     fter beh-ege      brest geweorod.
     Sw bealdode      bearn Ecgewes,
     guma gum c,      gdum ddum,
2180 dreh fter dme,      nealles druncne slg
     heor-genetas;      ns him hreh sefa,
     ac he man-cynnes      mste crfte
     gin-fstan gife,      e him god sealde,
     held hilde-der.      Hen ws lange,
2185 sw hyne Geta bearn      gdne ne tealdon,
     ne hyne on medo-bence      micles wyrne
     drihten wereda      gedn wolde;
     swe oft sgdon,      t he sleac wre,
     eling unfrom:      edwenden cwom
2190 tr-edigum menn      torna gehwylces.
     Ht  eorla hle      in gefetian,
     heao-rf cyning,      Hrles lfe,
     golde gegyrede;      ns mid Getum 
     sinc-mum slra      on sweordes hd;
2195 t he on Biwulfes      bearm legde,
     and him gesealde      seofan sendo,
     bold and brego-stl.      Him ws bm samod
     on am led-scipe      lond gecynde,
     eard el-riht,      rum swor
2200 sde rce,      am r slra ws.
     Eft t geiode      ufaran dgrum
     hilde-hlmmum,      syan Hygelc lg
     and Heardrde      hilde-mceas
     under bord-hrean      t bonan wurdon,
2205  hyne geshtan      on sige-ede
     hearde hilde-frecan,      Heao-Scilfingas,
     na gengdan      nefan Hererces.
     Syan Bewulfe      brde rce
     on hand gehwearf:      he geheld tela
2210 fftig wintru      (ws  frd cyning,
     eald el-weard),       t n ongan
     deorcum nihtum      draca rcsian,
     se e on here he      hord beweotode,
     stn-beorh stepne:      stg under lg,
2215 eldum unc.      r on innan ging
     nia nt-hwylces      nede gefng
     hnum horde      hond . d . . ge . . hwylc
     since fhne,      he t syan . . . . .
     . . .  . . . l .  . . l . g
2220 slpende be fre,      fyrena hyrde
     efes crfte,      t sie . . . . io . . . . .
     . idh . folc-beorn,      t he gebolgen ws.


XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.

     Nealles mid geweoldum      wyrm-horda . . . crft
     shte sylfes willum,      se e him sre gesced,
2225 ac for re-ndlan      ew nt-hwylces
     hlea bearna      hete-swengeas fleh,
     for ofer-earfe      and r inne fealh
     secg syn-bysig.      Sna in  tde
     t . . . . . am gyste      . . . . br . g . std,
2230 hwre earm-sceapen . . . . . . .
     . .  . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fs begeat,
     sinc-ft geseah:      r ws swylcra fela
     in am eor-scrfe      r-gestrena,
     sw hy on ger-dagum      gumena nt-hwylc
2235 eormen-lfe      elan cynnes
     anc-hycgende      r gehdde,
     dere mmas.      Ealle hie de fornam
     rran mlum,      and se n  gen
     leda dugue,      se r lengest hwearf,
2240 weard wine-gemor      wscte s yldan,
     t he lytel fc      long-gestrena
     brcan mste.      Beorh eal gearo
     wunode on wonge      wter-um neh,
     niwe be nsse      nearo-crftum fst:
2245 r on innan br      eorl-gestrena
     hringa hyrde      hard-fyrdne dl
     fttan goldes,      fe worda cw:
     "Heald u nu, hruse,      nu hle ne mston,
     "eorla hte.      Hwt! hit r on e
2250 "gde begeton;      g-de fornam,
     "feorh-bealo frcne      fyra gehwylcne,
     "leda mnra,      ra e is lf ofgeaf,
     "geswon sele-drem.      Nh hw sweord wege
     "oe fetige      fted wge,
2255 "drync-ft dere:      dugu ellor scc.
     "Sceal se hearda helm      hyrsted golde
     "ftum befeallen:      feormiend swefa,
     " e beado-grman      bwan sceoldon,
     "ge swylce se here-pd,      si t hilde gebd
2260 "ofer borda gebrc      bite rena,
     "brosna fter beorne.      Ne mg byrnan hring
     "fter wg-fruman      wde fran
     "hleum be healfe;      ns hearpan wyn,
     "gomen gle-bemes,      ne gd hafoc
2265 "geond sl swinge,      ne se swifta mearh
     "burh-stede bete.      Bealo-cwealm hafa
     "fela feorh-cynna      feorr onsended!"
     Sw gimor-md      gioho mnde,
     n fter eallum      unble hwep,
2270 dges and nihtes,       t dees wylm
     hrn t heortan.      Hord-wynne fond
     eald uht-sceaa      opene standan,
     se e byrnende      biorgas sce
     nacod n-draca,      nihtes flege
2275 fre befangen;      hyne fold-bend
     wde geswon.      He gewunian sceall
     hlw under hrusan,      r he hen gold
     wara wintrum frd;      ne by him wihte  sl.
     Sw se ed-sceaa      re hund wintra
2280 held on hrusan      hord-rna sum
     ecen-crftig,       t hyne n bealh
     mon on mde:      man-dryhtne br
     fted wge,      frioo-wre bd
     hlford snne.       ws hord rsod,
2285 onboren bega hord,      bne getad
     fe-sceaftum men.      Fre scewode
     fira fyrn-geweorc      forman se.
      se wyrm onwc,      wrht ws geniwad;
     stonc  fter stne,      stearc-heort onfand
2290 fendes ft-lst;      he t for gestp,
     dyrnan crfte,      dracan hefde neh.
     Sw mg unfge      ee gedgan
     wen and wrc-s,      se e waldendes
     hyldo gehealde.      Hord-weard shte
2295 georne fter grunde,      wolde guman findan,
     one e him on sweofote      sre getede:
     ht and hreh-md      hlw oft ymbe hwearf,
     ealne tan-weardne;      ne r nig mon
     ws on re wstenne.      Hwre hilde gefeh,
2300 beado-weorces:      hwlum on beorh thwearf,
     sinc-ft shte;      he t sna onfand,
     t hfde gumena sum      goldes gefandod
     heh-gestrena.      Hord-weard onbd
     earfolce,       t fen cwom;
2305 ws  gebolgen      beorges hyrde,
     wolde se la      lge forgyldan
     drinc-ft dre.       ws dg sceacen
     wyrme on willan,      n on wealle leng
     bdan wolde,      ac mid ble fr,
2310 fre gefsed.      Ws se fruma egeslc
     ledum on lande,      sw hyt lungre wear
     on hyra sinc-gifan      sre geendod.


XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.

      se gst ongan      gldum spwan,
     beorht hofu brnan;      bryne-lema std
2315 eldum on andan;      n r ht cwices
     l lyft-floga      lfan wolde.
     Ws s wyrmes wg      wde gesne,
     nearo-fges n      nen and feorran,
     h se g-sceaa      Geta lede
2320 hatode and hnde:      hord eft gescet,
     dryht-sele dyrnne      r dges hwle.
     Hfde land-wara      lge befangen,
     ble and bronde;      beorges getrwode,
     wges and wealles:      him se wn geleh.
2325  ws Biwulfe      brga geced
     snde t se,      t his sylfes him
     bolda slest      bryne-wylmum mealt,
     gif-stl Geta.      t am gdan ws
     hrew on hrere,      hyge-sorga mst:
2330 wnde se wsa,      t he wealdende,
     ofer ealde riht,      cean dryhtne
     bitre gebulge:      brest innan well
     estrum geoncum,      sw him gewe ne ws.
     Hfde lg-draca      leda fsten,
2335 e-lond tan,      eor-weard one
     gldum forgrunden.      Him s g-cyning,
     Wedera iden,      wrce leornode.
     Hht him  gewyrcean      wgendra hle
     eall-renne,      eorla dryhten
2340 wg-bord wrtlc;      wisse he gearwe,
     t him holt-wudu      helpan ne meahte,
     lind wi lge.      Sceolde ln-daga
     eling r-gd      ende gebdan
     worulde lfes      and se wyrm somod;
2345 eh e hord-welan      helde lange.
     Oferhogode       hringa fengel,
     t he one wd-flogan      weorode geshte,
     sdan herge;      n he him  scce ondrd,
     ne him s wyrmes wg      for wiht dyde,
2350 eafo and ellen;      foron he r fela
     nearo nende      na gedgde,
     hilde-hlemma,      syan he Hrgres,
     sigor-edig secg,      sele flsode
     and t ge forgrp      Grendeles mgum,
2355 lan cynnes.      N t lsest ws
     hond-gemota,      r mon Hygelc slh,
     syan Geta cyning      ge rsum,
     fre-wine folces      Freslondum on,
     Hrles eafora      hioro-dryncum swealt,
2360 bille gebeten;      onan Biwulf com
     sylfes crfte,      sund-nytte dreh;
     + hfde him on earme      ... XXX
     hilde-geatwa,       he t holme stg.
     Nealles Hetware      hrmge orfton
2365 fe-wges,      e him foran ongen
     linde bron:      lyt eft becwom
     fram am hild-frecan      hmes nisan.
     Oferswam  silea bigong      sunu Ecgewes,
     earm n-haga      eft t ledum,
2370 r him Hygd gebed      hord and rce,
     begas and brego-stl:      bearne ne trwode,
     t he wi l-fylcum      el-stlas
     healdan ce,       ws Hygelc ded.
     N  r fe-sceafte      findan meahton
2375 t am elinge      nige inga,
     t he Heardrde      hlford wre,
     oe one cyne-dm      cisan wolde;
     hwre he him on folce      frend-lrum held,
     stum mid re,       t he yldra wear,
2380 Weder-Getum weld.      Hyne wrc-mcgas
     ofer s shtan,      suna hteres:
     hfdon hy forhealden      helm Scylfinga,
     one slestan      s-cyninga,
     ra e in Swi-rce      sinc brytnade,
2385 mrne eden.      Him t t mearce wear;
     he r orfeorme      feorh-wunde hlet
     sweordes swengum,      sunu Hygelces;
     and him eft gewt      Ongeniwes bearn
     hmes nisan,      syan Heardrd lg;
2390 lt one brego-stl      Biwulf healdan,
     Getum wealdan:      t ws gd cyning.


XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BEWULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.

     Se s led-hryres      len gemunde
     uferan dgrum,      Edgilse wear
     fe-sceaftum fend.      Folce gestepte
2395 ofer s sde      sunu hteres
     wgum and wpnum:      he gewrc syan
     cealdum cear-sum,      cyning ealdre binet.
     Sw he na gehwane      genesen hfde,
     slra geslyhta,      sunu Ecgiwes,
2400 ellen-weorca,       one nne dg,
     e he wi am wyrme      gewegan sceolde.
     Gewt  twelfa sum      torne gebolgen
     dryhten Geta      dracan scewian;
     hfde  gefrunen,      hwanan si fh rs,
2405 bealo-n biorna;      him t bearme cwom
     mum-ft mre      urh s meldan hond,
     Se ws on am rete      reotteoa secg,
     se s orleges      r onstealde,
     hft hyge-gimor,      sceolde hen onon
2410 wong wsian:      he ofer willan ging
     t s e he eor-sele      nne wisse,
     hlw under hrusan      holm-wylme nh,
     -gewinne,      se ws innan full
     wrtta and wra:      weard unhire,
2415 gearo g-freca,      gold-mmas held,
     eald under eoran;      ns t e cep,
     t gegangenne      gumena nigum.
     Gest  on nsse      n-heard cyning,
     enden hlo bed      heor-genetum
2420 gold-wine Geta:      him ws gemor sefa,
     wfre and wl-fs,      Wyrd ungemete neh,
     se one gomelan      grtan sceolde,
     scean swle hord,      sundur gedlan
     lf wi lce:      n on lange ws
2425 feorh elinges      flsce bewunden.
     Biwulf maelade,      bearn Ecgewes:
     "Fela ic on giogoe      gu-rsa gens,
     "orleg-hwla:      ic t eall gemon.
     "Ic ws syfan-wintre,       mec sinca baldor,
2430 "fre-wine folca      t mnum fder genam,
     "held mec and hfde      Hrel cyning,
     "geaf me sinc and symbel,      sibbe gemunde;
     "ns ic him t lfe      lra wihte
     "beorn in burgum,      onne his bearna hwylc,
2435 "Herebeald and Hcyn,      oe Hygelc mn.
     "Ws am yldestan      ungedfelce
     "mges ddum      moror-bed strd,
     "syan hyne Hcyn      of horn-bogan,
     "his fre-wine      flne geswencte,
2440 "miste mercelses      and his mg ofsct,
     "bror erne,      bldigan gre:
     "t ws feoh-les gefeoht,      fyrenum gesyngad
     "hrere hyge-me;      sceolde hwre sw eh
     "eling unwrecen      ealdres linnan.
2445 "Sw bi gemorlc      gomelum ceorle
     "t gebdanne,      t his byre rde
     "giong on galgan,      onne he gyd wrece,
     "srigne sang,      onne his sunu hanga
     "hrefne t hrre      and he him helpe ne mg,
2450 "eald and in-frd,      nige gefremman.
     "Symble bi gemyndgad      morna gehwylce
     "eaforan ellor-s;      res ne gme
     "t gebdanne      burgum on innan
     "yrfe-weardes,      onne se n hafa
2455 "urh dees nd      dda gefondad.
     "Gesyh sorh-cearig      on his suna bre
     "wn-sele wstne,      wind-gereste,
     "rete berofene;      rdend swefa
     "hle in homan;      nis r hearpan swg,
2460 "gomen in geardum,      swylce r i wron.


XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.--THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.

     "Gewte onne on sealman,      sorh-le gle
     "n fter num:      hte him eall t rm,
     "wongas and wc-stede.      Sw Wedra helm
     "fter Herebealde      heortan sorge
2465 "weallende wg,      wihte ne meahte
     "on am feorh-bonan      fhe gebtan:
     "n  r he one heao-rinc      hatian ne meahte
     "lum ddum,      eh him lef ne ws.
     "He  mid re sorge,      e him si sr belamp,
2470 "gum-drem ofgeaf,      godes leht geces;
     "eaferum lfde,      sw d edig mon,
     "lond and led-byrig,       he of lfe gewt.
     " ws synn and sacu      Sweona and Geta,
     "ofer wd wter      wrht gemne,
2175 "here-n hearda,      syan Hrel swealt,
     "oe him Ongenewes      eaferan wran
     "frome fyrd-hwate,      frede ne woldon
     "ofer heafo healdan,      ac ymb Hreosna-beorh
     "eatolne inwit-scear      oft gefremedon.
2480 "t mg-wine      mne gewrcan,
     "fhe and fyrene,      sw hyt gefrge ws,
     "eh e er hit      ealdre gebohte,
     "heardan cepe:      Hcynne wear,
     "Geta dryhtne,      g onsge.
2485 " ic on morgne gefrgn      mg erne
     "billes ecgum      on bonan stlan,
     "r Ongenew      Eofores nisade:
     "g-helm tgld,      gomela Scylfing
     "hres heoro-blc;      hond gemunde
2490 "fho genge,      feorh-sweng ne ofteh.
     "Ic him  mmas,      e he me sealde,
     "geald t ge,      sw me gifee ws,
     "lehtan sweorde:      he me lond forgeaf,
     "eard el-wyn.      Ns him nig earf,
2495 "t he t Gifum      oe t Gr-Denum
     "oe in Swi-rce      scean urfe
     "wyrsan wg-frecan,      weore gecpan;
     "symle ic him on fan      beforan wolde,
     "na on orde,      and sw t aldre sceall
2500 "scce fremman,      enden is sweord ola,
     "t mec r and s      oft gelste,
     "syan ic for dugeum      Dghrefne wear
     "t hand-bonan,      Hga cempan:
     "nalles he  frtwe      Fres-cyninge,
2505 "brest-weorunge      bringan mste,
     "ac in campe gecrong      cumbles hyrde,
     "eling on elne.      Ne ws ecg bona,
     "ac him hilde-grp      heortan wylmas,
     "bn-hs gebrc.      Nu sceall billes ecg,
2510 "hond and heard sweord      ymb hord wgan."
     Bewulf maelode,      bet-wordum sprc
     nihstan se:      "Ic gende fela
     "ga on geogoe;      gyt ic wylle,
     "frd folces weard,      fhe scan,
2515 "mrum fremman,      gif mec se mn-sceaa
     "of eor-sele      t gesce!"
     Gegrtte       gumena gehwylcne,
     hwate helm-berend      hindeman se,
     swse gesas:      "Nolde ic sweord beran,
2520 "wpen t wyrme,      gif ic wiste h
     "wi am aglcean      elles meahte
     "gylpe wigrpan,      sw ic gi wi Grendle dyde;
     "ac ic r heau-fres      htes wne,
     "res and-httres:      foron ic me on hafu
2525 "bord and byrnan.      Nelle ic beorges weard
     "oferflen ftes trem,      fend unhre,
     "ac unc sceal weoran t wealle,      sw unc Wyrd gete,
     "metod manna gehws.      Ic eom on mde from,
     "t ic wi one g-flogan      gylp ofersitte.
2530 "Gebde ge on beorge      byrnum werede,
     "secgas on searwum,      hwer sl mge
     "fter wl-rse      wunde gedgan
     "uncer twega.      Nis t ewer s,
     "ne gemet mannes,      nefne mn nes,
2535 "t he wi aglcean      eofoo dle,
     "eorl-scype efne.      Ic mid elne sceall
     "gold gegangan      oe g nime,
     "feorh-bealu frcne,      fren ewerne!"
     rs  b ronde      rf oretta,
2540 heard under helm,      hioro-sercean br
     under stn-cleofu,      strengo getrwode
     nes mannes:      ne bi swylc earges s.
     Geseah  be wealle,      se e worna fela,
     gum-cystum gd,      ga gedgde,
2545 hilde-hlemma,      onne hnitan fan,
     (std on stn-bogan)      strem t onan
     brecan of beorge;      ws re burnan wlm
     heao-frum ht:      ne meahte horde neh
     unbyrnende      nige hwle
2550 dep gedgan      for dracan lge.
     Lt  of brestum,       he gebolgen ws,
     Weder-Geta led      word t faran,
     stearc-heort styrmde;      stefn in becom
     heao-torht hlynnan      under hrne stn.
2555 Hete ws onhrred,      hord-weard oncniw
     mannes reorde;      ns r mra fyrst,
     frede t friclan.      From rest cwom
     oru aglcean      t of stne,
     ht hilde-swt;      hruse dynede.
2560 Biorn under beorge      bord-rand onswf
     wi am gryre-gieste,      Geta dryhten:
      ws hring-bogan      heorte gefsed
     scce t sceanne.      Sweord r gebrd
     gd g-cyning      gomele lfe,
2565 ecgum unglew,      ghwrum ws
     bealo-hycgendra      brga fram rum.
     St-md gestd      wi stepne rond
     winia bealdor,       se wyrm gebeh
     snde tsomne:      he on searwum bd.
2570 Gewt  byrnende      gebogen scran t,
     gescfe scyndan.      Scyld wel gebearg
     lfe and lce      lssan hwle
     mrum edne,      onne his myne shte,
     r he  fyrste      forman dgore
2575 wealdan mste,      sw him Wyrd ne gescrf
     hr t hilde.      Hond up brd
     Geta dryhten,      gryre-fhne slh
     incge lfe,      t si ecg gewc
     brn on bne,      bt unswor,
2580 onne his id-cyning      earfe hfde,
     bysigum gebded.       ws beorges weard
     fter heau-swenge      on hreum mde,
     wearp wl-fre,      wde sprungon
     hilde-leman:      hr-sigora ne gealp
2585 gold-wine Geta,      g-bill geswc
     nacod t ne,      sw hyt n sceolde,
     ren r-gd.      Ne ws t e s,
     t se mra      maga Ecgewes
     grund-wong one      ofgyfan wolde;
2590 sceolde wyrmes willan      wc eardian
     elles hwergen,      sw sceal ghwylc mon
     ltan ln-dagas.      Ns  long t on,
     t  aglcean      hy eft gemtton.
     Hyrte hyne hord-weard,      hreer me well,
2595 niwan stefne:      nearo rowode
     fre befongen      se e r folce weld.
     Nealles him on hepe      hand-gesteallan,
     elinga bearn      ymbe gestdon
     hilde-cystum,      ac hy on holt bugon,
2600 ealdre burgan.      Hiora in num well
     sefa wi sorgum:      sibb fre ne mg
     wiht onwendan,      am e wel ence.


XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BEWULF IN THE FEUD.

     Wglf ws hten      Weoxstnes sunu,
     leflc lind-wiga,      led Scylfinga,
2605 mg lfheres:      geseah his mon-dryhten
     under here-grman      ht rowian.
     Gemunde   re,      e he him r forgeaf
     wc-stede weligne      Wgmundinga,
     folc-rihta gehwylc,      sw his fder hte;
2610 ne mihte  forhabban,      hond rond gefng,
     geolwe linde,      gomel swyrd geteh,
     t ws mid eldum      Enmundes lf,
     suna hteres,      am t scce wear
     wracu wine-lesum      Weohstnes bana
2615 mces ecgum,      and his mgum tbr
     brn-fgne helm,      hringde byrnan,
     eald sweord eotonisc,      t him Onela forgeaf,
     his gdelinges      g-gewdu,
     fyrd-searo fslc:      n ymbe  fhe sprc,
2620 eh e he his bror      bearn bredwade.
     He frtwe geheld      fela missera,
     bill and byrnan,       t his byre mihte
     eorl-scipe efnan,      sw his r-fder;
     geaf him  mid Getum      g-gewda
2625 ghws unrm;       he of ealdre gewt,
     frd on for-weg.       ws forma s
     geongan cempan,      t he ge rs
     mid his fre-dryhtne      fremman sceolde;
     ne gemealt him se md-sefa,      ne his mges lf
2630 gewc t wge:      t se wyrm onfand,
     syan hie tgdre      gegn hfdon.
     Wglf maelode      word-rihta fela,
     sgde gesum,      him ws sefa gemor:
     "Ic t ml geman,      r we medu gun,
2635 "onne we gehton      ssum hlforde
     "in bir-sele,      e s s begas geaf,
     "t we him  g-geatwa      gyldan woldon,
     "gif him yslcu      earf gelumpe,
     "helmas and heard sweord:       he sic on herge geces
2640 "t yssum s-fate      sylfes willum,
     "onmunde sic mra      and me s mmas geaf,
     " he sic gr-wgend      gde tealde,
     "hwate helm-berend,      eh e hlford s
     "is ellen-weorc      na hte
2645 "t gefremmanne,      folces hyrde,
     "foram he manna mst      mra gefremede,
     "dda dollcra.      Nu is se dg cumen,
     "t re man-dryhten      mgenes behfa
     "gdra g-rinca:      wutun gangan t,
2650 "helpan hild-fruman,      enden hyt s,
     "gld-egesa grim!      God wt on mec,
     "t me is micle lefre,      t mnne lc-haman
     "mid mnne gold-gyfan      gld fmie.
     "Ne ynce me gerysne,      t we rondas beren
2655 "eft t earde,      nemne we ror mgen
     "fne gefyllan,      feorh ealgian
     "Wedra idnes.      Ic wt geare,
     "t nron eald-gewyrht,      t he na scyle
     "Geta dugue      gnorn rowian,
2660 "gesgan t scce:      sceal rum t sweord and helm,
     "byrne and byrdu-scrd      bm gemne."
     Wd  urh one wl-rc,      wg-heafolan br
     fren on fultum,      fe worda cw:
     "Lefa Biwulf,      lst eall tela,
2665 "sw u on geogu-feore      gera gecwde,
     "t u ne lte      be e lifigendum
     "dm gedresan:      scealt nu ddum rf,
     "eling n-hydig,      ealle mgene
     "feorh ealgian;      ic e fullstu!"
2670 fter m wordum      wyrm yrre cwom,
     atol inwit-gst      re se,
     fr-wylmum fh      finda nisan,
     lra manna;      lg-um forborn
     bord wi ronde:      byrne ne meahte
2675 geongum gr-wigan      gece gefremman:
     ac se maga geonga      under his mges scyld
     elne geeode,       his gen ws
     gldum forgrunden.       gen g-cyning
     mra gemunde,      mgen-strengo,
2680 slh hilde-bille,      t hyt on heafolan std
     ne gended:      Ngling forbrst,
     geswc t scce      sweord Biwulfes
     gomol and grg-ml.      Him t gifee ne ws,
     t him renna      ecge mihton
2685 helpan t hilde;      ws si hond t strong,
     se e mca gehwane      mne gefrge
     swenge ofershte,      onne he t scce br
     wpen wundrum heard,      ns him wihte  sl.
      ws ed-sceaa      riddan se,
2690 frcne fr-draca      fha gemyndig,
     rsde on one rfan,       him rm geald,
     ht and heao-grim,      heals ealne ymbefng
     biteran bnum;      he gebldegod wear
     swul-drire;      swt um well.


XXXVII. BEWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.

2695  ic t earfe gefrgn      ed-cyninges
     and-longne eorl      ellen can,
     crft and cnu,      sw him gecynde ws;
     ne hdde he s heafolan,      ac si hand gebarn
     mdiges mannes,      r he his mges healp,
2700 t he one n-gst      nioor hwne slh,
     secg on searwum,      t t sweord gedef
     fh and fted,      t t fr ongon
     swerian syan.       gen sylf cyning
     geweld his gewitte,      wll-seaxe gebrd,
2705 biter and beadu-scearp,      t he on byrnan wg:
     forwrt Wedra helm       wyrm on middan.
     Fend gefyldan      (ferh ellen wrc),
     and hi hyne  begen      broten hfdon,
     sib-elingas:      swylc sceolde secg wesan,
2710 egn t earfe.      t am edne ws
     sast sge-hwle      sylfes ddum,
     worlde geweorces.       si wund ongon,
     e him se eor-draca      r geworhte,
     swlan and swellan.      He t sna onfand,
2715 t him on brestum      bealo-n well,
     ttor on innan.       se eling ging,
     t he b wealle,      ws-hycgende,
     gest on sesse;      seah on enta geweorc,
     h  stn-bogan      stapulum fste
2720 ce eor-reced      innan heldon.
     Hyne  mid handa      heoro-drerigne
     eden mrne      egn ungemete till,
     wine-dryhten his      wtere gelafede,
     hilde-sdne      and his helm onspen.
2725 Biwulf maelode,      he ofer benne sprc,
     wunde wl-blete      (wisse he gearwe,
     t he dg-hwla      gedrogen hfde
     eoran wynne;       ws eall sceacen
     dgor-germes,      de ungemete neh):
2730 "Nu ic suna mnum      syllan wolde
     "g-gewdu,      r me gifee sw
     "nig yrfe-weard      fter wurde,
     "lce gelenge.      Ic s lede held
     "fftig wintra:      ns se folc-cyning
2735 "ymbe-sittendra      nig ra,
     "e mec g-winum      grtan dorste,
     "egesan en.      Ic on earde bd
     "ml-gesceafta,      held mn tela,
     "ne shte searo-nas,      ne me swr fela
2740 "a on unriht.      Ic s ealles mg,
     "feorh-bennum sec,      gefen habban:
     "foram me wtan ne earf      waldend fira
     "moror-bealo mga,      onne mn sceace
     "lf of lce.      Nu u lungre
2745 "geong, hord scewian      under hrne stn,
     "Wglf lefa,      nu se wyrm lige,
     "swefe sre wund,      since berefod.
     "Bi nu on foste,      t ic r-welan,
     "gold-ht ongite,      gearo scewige
2750 "swegle searo-gimmas,      t ic  sft mge
     "fter mum-welan      mn ltan
     "lf and led-scipe,      one ic longe held."


XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.

      ic snde gefrgn      sunu Wihstnes
     fter word-cwydum      wundum dryhtne
2755 hran heao-sicum,      hring-net beran,
     brogdne beadu-sercean      under beorges hrf.
     Geseah  sige-hrig,       he b sesse geng,
     mago-egn mdig      mum-sigla fela,
     gold glitinian      grunde getenge,
2760 wundur on wealle      and s wyrmes denn,
     ealdes uht-flogan,      orcas stondan,
     fyrn-manna fatu      feormend-lese,
     hyrstum behrorene:      r ws helm monig,
     eald and mig,      earm-bega fela,
2765 searwum gesled.      Sinc ee mg,
     gold on grunde,      gumena cynnes
     gehwone ofer-higian,      hde se e wylle!
     Swylce he siomian geseah      segn eall-gylden
     heh ofer horde,      hond-wundra mst,
2770 gelocen leoo-crftum:      of am lema std,
     t he one grund-wong      ongitan meahte,
     wrte giond-wltan.      Ns s wyrmes r
     onsn nig,      ac hyne ecg fornam.
      ic on hlwe      gefrgn hord refian,
2775 eald enta geweorc      nne mannan,
     him on bearm hladan      bunan and discas
     sylfes dme,      segn ec genom,
     becna beorhtost;      bill r-gescd
     (ecg ws ren)      eald-hlfordes
2780 am ra mma      mund-bora ws
     longe hwle,      lg-egesan wg
     htne for horde,      hioro-weallende,
     middel-nihtum,       t he morre swealt.
     r ws on foste      eft-ses georn,
2785 frtwum gefyrred:      hyne fyrwet brc,
     hwer collen-fer      cwicne gemtte
     in am wong-stede      Wedra eden,
     ellen-sicne,      r he hine r forlt.
     He  mid m mmum      mrne iden,
2790 dryhten snne      dririgne fand
     ealdres t ende:      he hine eft ongon
     wteres weorpan,       t wordes ord
     brest-hord urhbrc.      Bewulf maelode,
     gomel on giohe      (gold scewode):
2795 "Ic ra frtwa      fren ealles anc
     "wuldur-cyninge      wordum secge,
     "cum dryhtne,      e ic her on starie,
     "s e ic mste      mnum ledum
     "r swylt-dge      swylc gestrnan.
2800 "Nu ic on mma hord      mne bebohte
     "frde feorh-lege,      fremma ge nu
     "leda earfe;      ne mg ic her leng wesan.
     "Hta heao-mre      hlw gewyrcean,
     "beorhtne fter ble      t brimes nosan;
2805 "se scel t gemyndum      mnum ledum
     "heh hlifian      on Hrones nsse,
     "t hit s-lend      syan htan
     "Biwulfes biorh,       e brentingas
     "ofer flda genipu      feorran drfa."
2810 Dyde him of healse      hring gyldenne
     iden rst-hydig,      egne gesealde,
     geongum gr-wigan,      gold-fhne helm,
     beh and byrnan,      ht hyne brcan well:
     "u eart ende-lf      sses cynnes,
2815 "Wgmundinga;      ealle Wyrd forswef,
     "mne mgas      t metod-sceafte,
     "eorlas on elne:      ic him fter sceal."
     t ws am gomelan      gingeste word
     brest-gehygdum,      r he bl cure,
2820 hte heao-wylmas:      him of hrere gewt
     swol scean      s-fstra dm.


XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.

      ws gegongen      guman unfrdum
     earfolce,      t he on eoran geseah
     one lefestan      lfes t ende
2825 blete gebran.      Bona swylce lg,
     egeslc eor-draca,      ealdre berefod,
     bealwe gebded:      beh-hordum leng
     wyrm woh-bogen      wealdan ne mste,
     ac him renna      ecga fornmon,
2830 hearde heao-scearpe      homera lfe,
     t se wd-floga      wundum stille
     hres on hrusan      hord-rne neh,
     nalles fter lyfte      lcende hwearf
     middel-nihtum,      mm-hta wlonc
2835 ansn wde:      ac he eoran gefell
     for s hild-fruman      hond-geweorce.
     Hru t on lande      lyt manna h
     mgen-gendra      mne gefrge,
     eh e he dda gehws      dyrstig wre,
2840 t he wi ttor-sceaan      oree gersde,
     oe hring-sele      hondum styrede,
     gif he wccende      weard onfunde
     ban on beorge.      Biwulfe wear
     dryht-mma dl      dee forgolden;
2845 hfde ghwer      ende gefred
     lnan lfes.      Ns  lang t on,
     t  hild-latan      holt ofgfan,
     tydre trew-logan      tyne tsomne,
      ne dorston r      dareum lcan
2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes      miclan earfe;
     ac hy scamiende      scyldas bran,
     g-gewdu,      r se gomela lg:
     wlitan on Wglf.      He gewrgad st,
     fe-cempa      fren eaxlum neh,
2855 wehte hyne wtre;      him wiht ne spew;
     ne meahte he on eoran,      eh he e wel,
     on am frum-gre      feorh gehealdan,
     ne s wealdendes willan      wiht oncirran;
     wolde dm godes      ddum rdan
2860 gumena gehwylcum,      sw he nu gen d.
      ws t am geongan      grim andswaru
     -begte m e r      his elne forles.
     Wglf maelode,      Weohstnes sunu,
     secg srig-fer      seah on unlefe:
2865 "t l mg secgan,      se e wyle s sprecan,
     "t se mon-dryhten,      se ew  mmas geaf,
     "ered-geatwe,      e ge r on standa,
     "onne he on ealu-bence      oft gesealde
     "heal-sittendum      helm and byrnan,
2870 "eden his egnum,      swylce he rylcost
     "hwr feor oe neh      findan meahte,
     "t he genunga      g-gewdu
     "wre forwurpe.       hyne wg beget,
     "nealles folc-cyning      fyrd-gesteallum
2875 "gylpan orfte;      hwre him god e,
     "sigora waldend,      t he hyne sylfne gewrc
     "na mid ecge,       him ws elnes earf,
     "Ic him lf-wrae      lytle meahte
     "tgifan t ge      and ongan sw eh
2880 "ofer mn gemet      mges helpan:
     "symle ws  smra,      onne ic sweorde drep
     "ferh-genlan,      fr unswor
     "well of gewitte.      Wergendra t lyt
     "rong ymbe eden,       hyne si rag becwom.
2885 "Nu sceal sinc-ego      and swyrd-gifu
     "eall el-wyn      ewrum cynne,
     "lufen licgean:      lond-rihtes mt
     "re mg-burge      monna ghwylc
     "del hweorfan,      syan elingas
2890 "feorran gefricgean      flem ewerne,
     "dm-lesan dd.      De bi slla
     "eorla gehwylcum      onne edwt-lf!"


XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.

     Hht  t heao-weorc      t hagan bidan
     up ofer g-clif,      r t eorl-weorod
2895 morgen-longne dg      md-gimor st,
     bord-hbbende,      bega on wnum
     ende-dgores      and eft-cymes
     lefes monnes.      Lyt swgode
     niwra spella,      se e ns gerd,
2900 ac he slce      sgde ofer ealle;
     "Nu is wil-geofa      Wedra leda,
     "dryhten Geta      de-bedde fst,
     "wuna wl-reste      wyrmes ddum;
     "him on efn lige      ealdor-gewinna,
2905 "siex-bennum sec:      sweorde ne meahte
     "on am aglcean      nige inga
     "wunde gewyrcean.      Wglf site
     "ofer Biwulfe,      byre Wihstnes,
     "eorl ofer rum      unlifigendum,
2910 "healde hige-mum      hefod-wearde
     "lefes and les.      Nu ys ledum wn
     "orleg-hwle,      syan underne
     "Froncum and Frysum      fyll cyninges
     "wde weore.      Ws si wrht scepen
2915 "heard wi Hgas,      syan Higelc cwom
     "faran flot-herge      on Fresna land,
     "r hyne Hetware      hilde gehngdon,
     "elne geeodon      mid ofer-mgene,
     "t se byrn-wga      bgan sceolde,
2920 "fell on fan:      nalles frtwe geaf
     "ealdor dugoe;      s ws  syan
     "Merewioinga      milts ungyfee.
     "Ne ic t Swe-ede      sibbe oe trewe
     "wihte ne wne;      ac ws wde c,
2925 "tte Ongeni      ealdre besnyede
     "Hcyn Hrling      wi Hrefna-wudu,
     " for on-mdlan      rest geshton
     "Geta lede      G-scilfingas.
     "Sna him se frda      fder htheres,
2930 "eald and eges-full      ond-slyht geaf,
     "bret brim-wsan,      brd herde,
     "gomela i-meowlan      golde berofene,
     "Onelan mdor      and htheres,
     "and  folgode      feorh-genlan
2935 " t h eodon      earfolce
     "in Hrefnes-holt      hlford-lese.
     "Best  sin-herge      sweorda lfe
     "wundum wrge,      wen oft geht
     "earmre teohhe      andlonge niht:
2940 "cw he on mergenne      mces ecgum
     "getan wolde,      sume on galg-trewum
     "fuglum t gamene.      Frfor eft gelamp
     "srig-mdum      somod r-dge,
     "syan hie Hygelces      horn and bman
2945 "gealdor ongeton.       se gda com
     "leda dugoe      on lst faran.


XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS.

     "Ws si swt-swau      Sweona and Geta,
     "wl-rs wera      wde gesne,
     "h  folc mid him      fhe twehton.
2950 "Gewt him  se gda      mid his gdelingum,
     "frd fela gemor      fsten scean,
     "eorl Ongeni      ufor oncirde;
     "hfde Higelces      hilde gefrunen,
     "wlonces wg-crft,      wires ne trwode,
2955 "t he s-mannum      onsacan mihte,
     "heo-lendum      hord forstandan,
     "bearn and brde;      beh eft onan
     "eald under eor-weall.       ws ht boden
     "Sweona ledum,      segn Higelce.
2960 "Freoo-wong one      for ofereodon,
     "syan Hrlingas      t hagan rungon.
     "r wear Ongeni      ecgum sweorda,
     "blonden-fexa      on bd wrecen,
     "t se ed-cyning      afian sceolde
2965 "Eofores nne dm:      hyne yrringa
     "Wulf Wonrding      wpne gerhte,
     "t him for swenge      swt drum sprong
     "for under fexe.      Ns he forht sw h,
     "gomela Scilfing,      ac forgeald hrae
2970 "wyrsan wrixle      wl-hlem one,
     "syan ed-cyning      yder oncirde:
     "ne meahte se snella      sunu Wonrdes
     "ealdum ceorle      ond-slyht giofan,
     "ac he him on hefde      helm r gescer,
2975 "t he blde fh      bgan sceolde,
     "fell on foldan;      ns he fge  git,
     "ac he hyne gewyrpte,      eh e him wund hrne,
     "Lt se hearda      Higelces egn
     "brdne mce,       his bror lg,
2980 "eald sweord eotonisc,      entiscne helm,
     "brecan ofer bord-weal:       gebeh cyning,
     "folces hyrde,      ws in feorh dropen.
     " wron monige,      e his mg wrion,
     "ricone rrdon,       him germed wear,
2985 "t hie wl-stwe      wealdan mston.
     "enden refode      rinc erne,
     "nam on Ongeni      ren-byrnan,
     "heard swyrd hilted      and his helm somod;
     "hres hyrste      Higelce br.
2990 "He m frtwum fng      and him fgre geht
     "lena fore ledum      and gelste sw:
     "geald one g-rs      Geta dryhten,
     "Hrles eafora,       he t hm becom,
     "Jofore and Wulfe      mid ofer-mmum,
2995 "sealde hiora gehwrum      hund senda
     "landes and locenra bega;      ne orfte him  len wtan
     "mon on middan-gearde,      syan hie  mra geslgon;
     "and  Jofore forgeaf      ngan dhtor,
     "hm-weorunge,      hyldo t wedde.
3000 "t ys si fho      and se fend-scipe,
     "wl-n wera,      s e ic wn hafo,
     "e s scea t      Sweona lede,
     "syan hie gefricgea      fren serne
     "ealdor-lesne,      one e r geheld
3005 "wi hettendum      hord and rce,
     "fter hlea hryre      hwate Scylfingas,
     "folc-rd fremede      oe furur gen
     "eorl-scipe efnde.      Nu is fost betost,
     "t we ed-cyning      r scewian
3010 "and one gebringan,      e s begas geaf,
     "on d-fre.      Ne scel nes hwt
     "meltan mid am mdigan,      ac r is mma hord.
     "gold unrme      grimme gecepod
     "and nu t sestan      sylfes feore
3015 "begas gebohte;       sceal brond fretan,
     "led eccean,      nalles eorl wegan
     "mum t gemyndum,      ne mg scne
     "habban on healse      hring-weorunge,
     "ac sceall gemor-md      golde berefod
3020 "oft nalles ne      el-land tredan,
     "nu se here-wsa      hleahtor legde,
     "gamen and gle-drem.      Foron sceall gr wesan
     "monig morgen-ceald      mundum bewunden,
     "hfen on handa,      nalles hearpan swg
3025 "wgend weccean,      ac se wonna hrefn
     "fs ofer fgum,      fela reordian,
     "earne secgan,      h him t te spew,
     "enden he wi wulf      wl refode."
     Sw se secg hwata      secgende ws
3030 lra spella;      he ne leg fela
     wyrda ne worda.      Weorod eall rs,
     eodon unble      under Earna ns
     wollen-tere      wundur scewian.
     Fundon  on sande      swul-lesne
3035 hlim-bed healdan,      one e him hringas geaf
     rran mlum:       ws ende-dg
     gdum gegongen,      t se g-cyning,
     Wedra eden,      wundor-dee swealt.
     r h gesgan      syllcran wiht,
3040 wyrm on wonge      wier-rhtes r
     lne licgean:      ws se lg-draca,
     grimlc gryre-gst,      gldum beswled,
     se ws fftiges      ft-gemearces.
     lang on legere,      lyft-wynne held
3045 nihtes hwlum,      nyer eft gewt
     dennes nisian;      ws  dee fst,
     hfde eor-scrafa      ende genyttod.
     Him big stdan      bunan and orcas,
     discas lgon      and dre swyrd,
3050 mige urh-etone,      sw hie wi eoran fm
     send wintra      r eardodon:
     onne ws t yrfe      ecen-crftig,
     i-monna gold      galdre bewunden,
     t am hring-sele      hrnan ne mste
3055 gumena nig,      nefne god sylfa,
     sigora s-cyning,      sealde am e he wolde
     (he is manna gehyld)      hord openian,
     efne sw hwylcum manna,      sw him gemet hte.


XLII. WGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.

      ws gesne,      t se s ne h
3060 am e unrihte      inne gehdde
     wrte under wealle.      Weard r ofslh
     fera sumne;       si fh gewear
     gewrecen wrlce.      Wundur hwr, onne
     eorl ellen-rf      ende gefre
3065 lf-gesceafta,      onne leng ne mg
     mon mid his mgum      medu-seld ban.
     Sw ws Biwulfe,       he biorges weard
     shte, searo-nas:      seolfa ne ce,
     urh hwt his worulde gedl      weoran sceolde;
3070 sw hit  dmes dg      dipe benemdon
     ednas mre,       t r dydon,
     t se secg wre      synnum scildig,
     hergum geheaerod,      hell-bendum fst,
     wommum gewitnad,      se one wong strde.
3075 Ns he gold-hwt:      gearwor hfde
     gendes st      r gescewod.
     Wglf maelode,      Wihstnes sunu:
     "Oft sceall eorl monig      nes willan
     "wrc dregan,      sw s geworden is.
3080 "Ne meahton we gelran      lefne eden,
     "rces hyrde      rd nigne,
     "t he ne grtte      gold-weard one,
     "lte hyne licgean,      r he longe ws,
     "wcum wunian       woruld-ende.
3085 "Heldon heh gesceap:      hord ys gescewod,
     "grimme gegongen;      ws t gifee t sw,
     "e one eden      yder ontyhte.
     "Ic ws r inne      and t eall geond-seh,
     "recedes geatwa,       me germed ws,
3090 "nealles swslce      s lfed
     "inn under eor-weall.      Ic on foste gefng
     "micle mid mundum      mgen-byrenne
     "hord-gestrena,      hider t tbr
     "cyninge mnum:      cwico ws  gena,
3095 "ws and gewittig;      worn eall gesprc
     "gomol on geho      and ewic grtan ht,
     "bd t ge geworhton      fter wines ddum
     "in bl-stede      beorh one hen
     "micelne and mrne,      sw he manna ws
3100 "wgend weor-fullost      wde geond eoran,
     "enden he burh-welan      brcan mste.
     "Uton nu fstan      re se
     "sen and scean      searo-gerc,
     "wundur under wealle!      ic ew wsige,
3105 "t ge genge      nen scewia
     "begas and brd gold.      Se si br gearo
     "dre gefned,      onne we t cymen,
     "and onne geferian      fren serne,
     "lefne mannan,      r he longe sceal
3110 "on s waldendes      wre geolian."
     Ht  gebedan      byre Wihstnes,
     hle hilde-dir,      hlea monegum
     bold-gendra,      t hie bl-wudu
     feorran feredon,      folc-gende
3115 gdum tgnes:      "Nu sceal gld fretan
     "(weaxan wonna lg)      wgena strengel,
     "one e oft gebd      sern-scre,
     "onne strla storm,      strengum gebded,
     "scc ofer scild-weall,      sceft nytte held,
3120 "feer-gearwum fs      flne full-eode."
     Hru se snotra      sunu Wihstnes
     cgde of corre      cyninges egnas
     syfone tsomne       slestan,
     eode eahta sum      under inwit-hrf;
3125 hilde-rinc sum      on handa br
     led-leman,      se e on orde geng.
     Ns  on hlytme,      hw t hord strude,
     syan or-wearde      nigne dl
     secgas gesgon      on sele wunian,
3130 lne licgan:      lyt nig mearn,
     t hi fostlice      t geferedon
     dre mmas;      dracan c scufun,
     wyrm ofer weall-clif,      lton wg niman,
     fld fmian      frtwa hyrde.
3135 r ws wunden gold      on wn hladen,
     ghws unrm,      eling boren,
     hr hilde-rinc      t Hrones nsse.


XLIII. BEWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.

     Him  gegiredan      Geta lede
     d on eoran      un-wclcne,
3140 helmum behongen,      hilde-bordum,
     beorhtum byrnum,      sw he bna ws;
     legdon  t-middes      mrne eden
     hle hifende,      hlford lefne.
     Ongunnon  on beorge      bl-fra mst
3145 wgend weccan:      wudu-rc sth
     sweart ofer swioole,      swgende lg,
     wpe bewunden      (wind-blond gelg)
      t he  bn-hs      gebrocen hfde,
     ht on hrere.      Higum unrte
3150 md-ceare mndon      mon-dryhtnes cwealm;
     swylce gimor-gyd      + lat . con meowle
     . . . . .      wunden heorde . . .
     serg (?) cearig slde      geneahhe
     t hio hyre . . . . gas hearde
3155 . . . . . ede      wlfylla wonn . .
     hildes egesan      hyo
     haf mid      heofon rce swealh (?)
     Geworhton       Wedra lede
     hlw on hlie,      se ws heh and brd,
3160 wg-lendum      wde gesne,
     and betimbredon      on tyn dagum
     beadu-rfes bcn:      bronda betost
     wealle beworhton,      sw hyt weorlcost
     fore-snotre men      findan mihton.
3165 H on beorg dydon      bg and siglu,
     eall swylce hyrsta,      swylce on horde r
     n-hydige men      genumen hfdon;
     forlton eorla gestren      eoran healdan,
     gold on grete,      r hit nu gen lifa
3170 eldum sw unnyt,      sw hit ror ws.
      ymbe hlw riodan      hilde-dere,
     elinga bearn      ealra twelfa,
     woldon ceare cwan,      kyning mnan,
     word-gyd wrecan      and ymb wer sprecan,
3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe      and his ellen-weorc
     duguum dmdon,      sw hit ge-dfe bi,
     t mon his wine-dryhten      wordum hrge,
     ferhum frege,      onne he for scile
     of lc-haman      lne weoran.
3180 Sw begnornodon      Geta lede
     hlfordes hryre,      heor-genetas,
     cwdon t he wre      woruld-cyning
     mannum mildust      and mon-wrust,
     ledum lost      and lof-geornost.




APPENDIX


THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. [Footnote: See v. 1069 _seqq._]

     ". . . . . . . . . . . ns byrna nfre."
     Hleorode       heao-geong cyning:
     "Ne is ne daga estan,      ne her draca ne flege,
     "ne her isse healle      hornas ne byrna,
5    "ac fr for bera      fugelas singa,
     "gylle grg-hama,      g-wudu hlynne,
     "scyld scefte oncwy.      Nu scne es mna
     "waol under wolcnum;      nu rsa we-dda,
     "e isne folces n      fremman willa.
10   "Ac onwacnigea nu,      wgend mne,
     "hebba ewre handa,      hicgea on ellen,
     "winna on orde,      wesa on mde!"
      rs monig gold-hladen egn,      gyrde hine his swurde;
      t dura eodon      drihtlce cempan,
15   Sigefer and Eaha,      hyra sweord getugon,
     and t rum durum      Ordlf and Glf,
     and Hengest sylf;      hwearf him on lste.
      git Grulf      Gere styrode,
     t hie sw frelc feorh      forman se
20   t re healle durum      hyrsta ne bran,
     nu hyt na heard      nyman wolde:
     ac he frgn ofer eal      undearninga,
     der-md hle,      hw  duru helde.
     "Sigefer is mn nama (cw he),      ic eom Secgena led,
25   "wrecca wde c.      Fela ic wena gebd,
     "heardra hilda;      e is gyt her witod,
     "swer u sylf t me      scean wylle."
      ws on wealle      wl-slihta gehlyn,
     sceolde clod bord      cnum on handa
30   bn-helm berstan.      Buruh-elu dynede,
      t t re ge      Grulf gecrang,
     ealra rest      eor-bendra,
     Glfes sunu;      ymbe hine gdra fela.
     Hwearf flacra hrw      hrfn, wandrode
35   sweart and sealo-brn;      swurd-lema std
     swylce eal Finns-buruh      frenu wre.
     Ne gefrgn ic nfre wurlcor      t wera hilde
     sixtig sige-beorna      sl gebran,
     ne nfre swnas swtne      medo sl forgyldan,
40   onne Hnfe guldon      his hg-stealdas.
     Hig fuhton ff dagas,      sw hyra nn ne fel
     driht-gesa,      ac hig  duru heldon.
      gewt him wund hle      on wg gangan,
     sde t his byrne      brocen wre,
45   here-sceorpum hrr,      and ec ws his helm yrl.
      hine sna frgn      folces hyrde,
     h  wgend      hyra wunda genson
     oe hwer ra hyssa . . . . . . .




LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.

ABBREVIATIONS

m.: masculine.
f.: feminine.
n.: neuter.
nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc.
w.: weak.
w. v.: weak verb.
st.: strong.
st. v.: strong verb.
I., II., III.: first, second, third person.
comp.: compound.
imper.: imperative.
w.: with.
instr.: instrumental.
G. and Goth.: Gothic.
O.N.: Old Norse.
O.S.: Old Saxon.
O.H.G.: Old High German.
M.H.G.: Middle High German.

The vowel  = _a_ in _glad_      }
The diphthong  = _a_ in _hair_  } approximately.


The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.

Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word.

Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.




LIST OF NAMES.

Abel, Cain's brother, 108.

lf-here (gen. lf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wglf's, 2605.

sc-here, confidential adviser of King Hrgr (1326), older brother of
Yrmenlf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123.

Bn-stn, father of Breca, 524.

Be-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his
father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is
Healfdene, 57.

Be-wulf (Biwulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Bewulfes, 857, etc., Biwulfes, 2195,
2808, etc.; dat. Bewulfe, 610, etc., Biwulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of
the Getas. His father is the Wgmunding Ecgew (263, etc.); his mother a
daughter of Hrel, king of the Getas (374), at whose court he is brought
up after his seventh year with Hrel's sons, Herebeald, Hcyn, and
Hygelc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he
attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his
victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate
denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His
swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Getas
to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrgr, against Grendel, 198 ff. His
combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in
consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrgr, 1021 ff. His combat with
Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrgr
(1818-1888), and returns to Hygelc, 1964 ff.--After Hygelc's last battle
and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes
Dghrefn, one of the Hgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time
Hygelc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the
government as guardian of the young Heardrd, son of Hygelc, 2378 ff.
After Heardrd's death, the kingdom falls to Bewulf, 2208,
2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrd, he
kills the Scylfing, Edgils (2397), and probably conquers his country.
--His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff.

Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Benstn, 524. Chief of the
Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Bewulf, 506 ff.

Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521.

Brosinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Mllenhoff, written by
mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII.
304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.

Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107,
1262 ff.

Dg-hrefn (dat. Dghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hgas, who, according to
2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of
King Hygelc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hgas.
Is crushed to death by Bewulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff.

Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum,
768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called
Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22),
Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrmen, 445. On account of
their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gr-Dene, 1, 1857,
Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great
extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of
the heavens: Est-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, S-Dene,
463, Nor-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on
Scedenigge," 1687, "be sm twenum," 1686.

Ecg-lf (gen. Ecglfes, 499), Hnfer's father, 499.

Ecg-ew (nom. Ecgew, 263, Ecge, 373; gen. Ecgewes, 529, etc.,
Ecgiwes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Getas, of the house of the
Wgmundings. Bewulf is the son of Ecgew, by the only daughter of Hrel,
king of the Getas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaolf
(460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose
king, Hrgr, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470.

Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants,
1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings,
which closes with Heremd. See Heremd.

Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the
restored text, she is the wife of Ongenew, the Scylfing, 62, 63.

Earna-ns, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Getas, where occurred
Bewulf's fight with the drake, 3032.

Edgils (dat. Edgilse, 2393), son of hthere, and grandson of Ongenew,
the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is

Enmund (gen. Enmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem
(2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be
conjectured:--

The sons of hthere, Enmund and Edgils, have rebelled against their
father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from
Swirce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Getas to
Heardrd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated;
but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against
Heardrd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.)
Heardrd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the
brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Enmund, to whom,
according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Weohstn brings death."
Weohstn takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Enmund's
body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword
(2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela,
2617-18. But Weohstn does not speak willingly of this fight, although he
has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardrd's and Enmund's
death, the descendant of Ongenew, Edgils, returns to his home, 2388. He
must give way before Bewulf, who has, since Heardrd's death, ascended the
throne of the Getas, 2390. But Bewulf remembers it against him in after
days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Edgils makes an invasion
into the land of the Getas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands
of Bewulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over
the Sweonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a
satisfactory sense).

Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the
Getas, son of Wonrd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish
king, Ongenew (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King
Hygelc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99.

Eormen-rc (gen. Eormenrces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W.
Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hma has wrested the Brosinga mene
from him, 1202.

Eomr, son of Offa and ryo (cf. ryo), 1961.

Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090),
king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a
daughter of Hc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the
Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as
follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the
Hcing, Hnf, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some
time as guest. Hnf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has
sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one
night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their
lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then,
however, Hnf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnf's
followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the
attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their
numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother
among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer
the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it
is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation
(1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the
homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented
by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud
breaks out anew. Glf and Oslf avenge Hnf's fall, probably after they
have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with
the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured
and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes,
1147-1160.

Finna land. Bewulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580.

Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wlsing, Sigemund, and his companion in
arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Sign. Cf. more
at length Leo on Bewulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of
the Walsungs is given.)

Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090.

Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelc fell on an
expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hgas, 1211, 2917.

Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Fresna, 2916:
dat. Frysum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians,
whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks
and Hgas, in the war against whom Hygelc falls, 1208, 2916. The country
of the former is called Frysland, 1127; that of the latter, Fresna land,
2916.

Fr..es wl (in Fr..es wle, 1071), mutilated proper name.

Frewaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrgr; given in marriage to
Ingeld, the son of the Heaobeard king, Frda, in order to end a war
between the Danes and the Heaobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065.

Frda (gen. Frdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Freware, 2026.

Grmund (gen. Grmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Emr,
1961-63.

Getas (gen. Geta, 205, etc.; dat. Getum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern
Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called
Wedergetas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Ggetas, 1539;
Sgetas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrel; Hcyn,
second son of Hrel; Hygelc, the brother of Hcyn; Heardrd, son of
Hygelc; then Bewulf.

Gifas (dat. Gifum, 2495), Gepid, mentioned in connection with Danes and
Swedes, 2495.

Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He
breaks every night into Hrgr's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115
ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bewulf fights with
him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one
of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837.
Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks
into the hall and carries off schere, 1295. Bewulf seeks for and finds
her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills
her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589),
and brings it to Hrgr, 1648.

G-lf and Oslf, Danish warriors under Hnf, whose death they avenge on
Finn, 1149.

Hlga, with the surname, _til_, the younger brother of the Danish king,
Hrgr, 61. His son is Hrulf, 1018, 1165, 1182.

Hma wrests the _Brosinga mene_ from Eormenrc, 1199.

Hre (gen. Hrees, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelc, 1930,
1982.

Hcyn (dat. Hcynne, 2483), second son of Hrel, king of the Getas,
2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow,
2438 ff. After Hrel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls
at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenew, 2925. His
successor is his younger brother, Hygelc, 2944 ff., 2992.

Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhew, Hrgr's wife,
621.

Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges mg, 1945;
Emr, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458),
Heming is the son of the sister of Grmund, Offa's father.

Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his
relations to Hnf and Finn, see Finn.

Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hrel, king of the
Getas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother,
Hcyn, 2440.

Here-md (gen. Heremdes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the
Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on
account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710.

Here-rc (gen. Hererces, 2207) Heardrd is called Hererces nefa, 2207.
Nothing further is known of him.

Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hgas, conquer
Hygelc, king of the Getas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917.

Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Bewulf, the Scylding (57);
rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogr,
Hrgr, and Hlga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the
renewed text of the passage, ws married to the Scylfing, Ongenew, 62,
63.

Heard-rd (dat. Heardrde, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelc, king of the Getas,
and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the
throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Bewulf, as nephew of Heardrd's
father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is
slain by hthere's sons, 2386. This murder Bewulf avenges on Edgils,
2396-97.

Heao-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the
Lombards. Their king, Frda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029,
2051. In order to end the feud, King Hrgr has given his daughter,
Frewaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frda, a marriage that
does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of
his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070
(Wds, 45-49).

Heao-lf (dat. Heao-lfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgew, Bewulf's
father, kills him, 460.

Heao-rmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bewulf, 519.

Heoro-gr (nom. 61; Heregr, 467; Hiorogr, 2159), son of Healfdene, and
older brother of Hrgr, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son,
Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Bewulf has received from Hrgr
(2156), and presents it to Hygelc, 2158.

Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogr's son, 2161-62.

Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute,
767, Hiorte, 2100). Hrgr's throne-room and banqueting hall and
assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78.
In it occurs Bewulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its
name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern
gable, the other half the western.

Hildeburh, daughter of Hc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnf, consort of
the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive
of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn.

Hnf (gen. Hnfes, 1115), a Hcing (Wds, 29), the Danish King
Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and
burial, see under Finn.

Hond-sci, warrior of the Getas: dat. 2077.

Hc (gen. Hces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnf
(Wds, 29).

Hrel (gen. Hrles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Getas,
374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgew, and has borne
him Bewulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hcyn, and Hygelc, 2435. The
eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of
this inexpiable deed, Hrel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475.

Hrla (gen. Hrlan, MS. Hrdlan, 454), the same as Hrel (cf. Mllenhoff
in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Bewulf's coat of
mail, 454.

Hr-men (gen. Hr-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445.

Hr-rc, son of Hrgr, 1190, 1837.

Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the
Swedish king, Ongenew, slew Hcyn, king of the Getas, in battle.

Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Getas, near which Ongenew's
sons, hthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the
country after Hrel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in
which Hrel's son, King Hcyn, fell, 2478 ff.

Hr-gr (gen. Hrgres, 235, etc.; dat. Hrgre, 64, etc.), of the
dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene,
61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogr, he assumes the
government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogr
was king of the Danes before Hrgr, or whether his death occurred while
his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhew (613), of
the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrrc and
Hrmund (1190), and a daughter, Freware (2023), who has been given in
marriage to the king of the Heaobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78
ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night
by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Bewulf (711
ff., 1493 ff). Hrgr's rich gifts to Bewulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818;
he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being
brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about
Hrgr's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the
murder which Ecgew, Bewulf's father, committed upon Heaolf, 460, 470;
his war with the Heaobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his
daughter, Freware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this
marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, Hrulf, intimated,
1165-1166.

Hr-mund, Hrgr's son, 1190.

Hr-ulf, probably a son of Hlga, the younger brother of King Hrgr,
1018, 1182. Wealhew expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early
death of Hrgr, Hr-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hrgr's young
son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have
been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hr-ulf has
abused his trust towards Hrgr.

Hrones-ns (dat. -nsse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the
country of the Getas, visible from afar. Here is Bewulf's grave-mound,
2806, 3137.

Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hnfer's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660.

Hgas (gen. Hga, 2503), Hygelc wars against them allied with the Franks
and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Dghrefn,
whom Bewulf slays, 2503.

[H]n-fer, the son of Ecglf, yle of King Hrgr. As such, he has his
place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword,
Hrunting, to Bewulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f.
According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always
alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as
Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unfer.

Hn-lfing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144.
See Note.

Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Hre, 1930; consort of Hygelc, king
of the Getas, 1927; her son, Heardrd, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly
character is emphasized, 1927 ff.

Hyge-lc (gen. Hige-lces, 194, etc., Hygelces, 2387; dat. Higelce, 452,
Hygelce, 2170), king of the Getas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is
Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers,
Herebeald and Hcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Bewulf, 374, 375. After his
brother, Hcyn, is killed by Ongenew, he undertakes the government (2992
in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as
reward for slaying Ongenew, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much
later, at the time of the return of Bewulf from his expedition to Hrgr,
we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Hre, 1930. The
latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrd,
2203, 2376, 2387.--Hygelc falls during an expedition against the Franks,
Frisians, and Hgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17.

Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Frda, the Heaobeard chief, who fell
in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is
married to Frewaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrgr, 2025-30. Yet his
love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his
desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by
the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wds, 45-59).

Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the
East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320.

Mere-wioingas (gen. Mere-wioinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922.

Ngling, the name of Bewulf's sword, 2681.

Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Wds, 35), the son of
Grmund, 1963; married (1950) to ryo (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman,
of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, Emr, 1961.

ht-here (gen. htheres, 2929, 2933; hteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son
of Ongenew, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Enmund (2612) and
Edgils, 2393.

Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), hthere's brother, 2617, 2933.

Ongen-ew (nom. -ew, 2487, -i, 2952; gen. -ewes, 2476, -iwes,
2388; dat. -i, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the
Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king,
Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and hthere, 2933. She is
taken prisoner by Hcyn, king of the Getas, on an expedition into Sweden,
which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his
country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenew (2931), who kills Hcyn,
2925, and encloses the Getas, now deprived of their leader, in the
Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelc, 2944. A battle then
follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenew's army. Ongenew himself,
attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff.,
2962 ff.

s-lf, a warrior of Hnf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149
f.

Scede-land, 19. Sceden-g (dat. Sceden-gge, 1687), O.N., Scn-ey, the most
southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish
kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of
the whole Danish kingdom.

Scf or Scef. See Note.

Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scfing. 4. His son is Bewulf, 18, 53: his
grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hrgr, who had two brothers
and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is
given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone,
upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants
bear his name.

Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102,
2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the
Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called
r-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; ed-Scyldingas, 1020;
Here-Scyldingas, 1109.

Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to
the Getas, since Wglf, the son of Wihstn, who in another place, as a
kinsman of Bewulf, is called a Wgmunding (2815), is also called led
Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:--

              Scylf.
                |
     ------------------------
     Wgmund.         .......
        |                |
------------------  ----------
Ecgew.  Weohstn.  Ongenew.
   |         |           |
-------- -------- ---------------
Bewulf.  Wglf.  Onela. hthere.
                             |
                 -----------------
                 Eumund. Edgils.

The Scylfings are also called Heao-Scilfingas, 63, G-Scylfingas, 2928.

Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wls, 878, 898. His (son and)
nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff.

Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelc's grandfather, and Hrel's
father, 1204.

Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swe-ed, 2923. The dynasty of
the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swirice,
2384, 2496.

ryo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Emr, 1961,
notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is
mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the
Getas.

Wls (gen. Wlses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898.

Wg-mundingas (gen. Wgmundinga, 2608, 2815). The Wgmundings are on one
side, Wihstn and his son Wglf; on the other side, Ecgew and his son
Bewulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas.

Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-getas. See Getas.

Wland (gen. Wlandes, 455), the maker of Bewulf's coat of mail, 455.

Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgr. See Wulfgr. The
Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill,
the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea.

Wealh-ew (613, Wealh-e, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hrgr, of the
stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hrrc and Hrmund, 1190; her
daughter, Frewaru, 2023.

Weoh-stn (gen. Weox-stnes, 2603, Weoh-stnes, 2863, Wih-stnes, 2753,
2908, etc.), a Wgmunding (2608), father of Wglf, 2603. In what
relationship to him lfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not
clear.--Weohstn is the slayer of Enmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he
takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrd. See Enmund.

Wg-lf, Weohstn's son, 2603, etc., a Wgmunding, 2815, and so also a
Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of lfhere, 2605. For his relationship to
Bewulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports Bewulf
in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before
his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff.

Won-rd (gen. Wonrdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979.

Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Getas, Wonrd's son. He fights in the
battle between the armies of Hygelc and Ongenew with Ongenew himself,
and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenew, by a stroke of his
sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing
Ongenew a mortal blow, 2978 ff.

Wulf-gr, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hrgr's court, and is his
"r and ombiht," 335.

Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgew has slain Heoolf, a warrior of
this tribe, 460.

Yrmen-lf, younger brother of schere, 1325.


ADDITIONAL.

Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the
subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, _giant_.
Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146,
198.

Hrling, son of Hrel, Hygelc: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of
Hygelc, the Geats, 2961.

Scfing, the son (?) of Scf, or Scef, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See
Note.



ABBREVIATIONS.

               B.: Bugge.
              Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.
               C.: Cosijn.
               E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose.
               G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf
              Gr.: Grein.
               H.: Heyne.
              Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf.
           H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed.
              Ho.: Holder.
               K.: Kemble.
              Kl.: Kluge.
         Mllenh.: Mllenhoff.
               R.: Rieger.
               S.: Sievers.
              Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed.
          Ten Br.: Ten Brink.
              Th.: Thorpe.
               Z.: Zupitza.

                 PERIODICALS.

             Ang.: Anglia.
            Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beitrge.
       Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien.
            Germ.: Germania.
 Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc.
 Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes.
          Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi.
Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.


NOTES.

l. 1. hwt: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas,
Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the
"Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed.
Morris, l. 853:

     "Sin I shal beginne the game,
     _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"

we ... gefrunon is a variant on the usual epic formul ic gefrgn (l. 74)
and mne gefrge (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the
same formula.

l. 1. "Gr was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into
battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br.
124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc.

l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too
inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According
to the original form of the story, Scef was the foundling; he had come
ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the
story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the
foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf,
and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and
Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.

l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to
terrify_.

l. 15. S. suggests  (_which_) for t, as object of dregan; and for
aldor-lese, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit._ ix. 136.

S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones
before endured."

l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our
Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This
is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North;
'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden,
Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._
an. 855.

H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135)
eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wde sprang ednes egna.

"The name _Beowulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of
the bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and
_beohata_, 'warrior,' in Cdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or
'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with _beowulf_."--Sw.

Cf. "Arcite and Palamon,
    That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two."
         --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris.

Cf. M. Mller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's
_Daniel_, 104.

l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?).

l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesas below. H.-So. compares
_Hliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21.

l. 22. on ylde: cf.
    "_In elde_ is bothe wisdom and usage."
       --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1590, ed. Morris.

l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion;
cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc.

l. 28. faro = _shore, strand, edge._ Add these to the meanings in the
Gloss.

l. 31. The object of hte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum
weld of l. 30.--H.-So.

R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: _Beit._ xii.
80, ix. 188; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests lndagas for
lange.

l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it
means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the
cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132,
1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for
three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l.
1863).

ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, _Inglinga Saga;_
the burial of Balder, Sinfitli, Arthur, etc.

l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number
of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It
is the theling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned,
the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad
ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the
Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168.

l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were
buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however
not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over
with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, xix.

l. 51. (1) sele-rdende (K., S., C.); (2) sle-rdenne (H.); (3)
sele-rdende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha.

l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the
legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.

l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the
first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin
with the monosyllable , four with the verb gewtan, nine with the formula
Hrgr (Bewulf, Unfer) maelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in
general (him, sw, s, hwt, , hht, ws, mg, cwm, strt).

l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic
forms and words, such as mec for m, the possessive sn, gamol, dgor, swt
for eald, dg, bld, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose
language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildendre
(_war-adder_) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (_gold-giver_) for 'king,' ...
goldwine gumena (_goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men_) for
'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (_men_), etc.

l. 60. H.-So. reads rswa (referring to Heorogr alone), and places a point
(with the Ms.) after Heorogr instead of after rswa. Cf. l. 469; see B.,
_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 193.

l. 62. Elan here (OHG. _Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan_) is thought by
B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he
reads: [On-]elan ewn, Heaoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda.

l. 68. For h, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus
omitted insubord. clauses.--Sw.

l. 70. one, here = onne, _than_, and micel = mre? The passage, by a
slight change, might be made to read, medo-rn micle m gewyrcean,--one =
_by much larger than_,--in which one (onne) would come in naturally.

l. 73. folc-scare. Add _folk-share_ to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf.
g-scearu.

l. 74. ic wide gefrgn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men
said._ Cf. _Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix_, l. 1; and the parallel (noun)
formula, mne gefrge, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its
long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had
stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the
ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered
bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32.

l. 84. _Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda_ compound.
Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means _uncle and nephew;_ and
Wds's suhtorfdran, used of the same persons.

l. 88. "The word drem conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and
more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and
_Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer_, l. 79, etc.

ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the
lines attributed by Bede to Cdmon:

    N w sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc.
      --Sw., p. 47.

ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.

ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _Bewulf_] is the
sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors
lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons,
eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of
sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point
is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71.

l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in
the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national
dragon-slayer, St. George.

l. 100. onginnan in _Bewulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal
auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without t; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984,
244. Cf. _gan_ (= _did_) in Mid. Eng.: _gan_ espye (Chaucer, _Knightes
Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris).

l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fend on healle; cf. l. 142.--_Beit._ xii.

ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a
bolt_ or _bar_).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of
hell, and hence _a fiend._ ... Ettmller was the first ... to connect the
name with grindan, _to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy._
Grendel is then _the tearer, the destroyer_."--Br., p. 83.

l. 102. gst = _stranger_ (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc.

l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.

l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern
English, by hf and hfde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433,
408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.

l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts one ...
drihten in parenthesis.

l. 108. s e = _because_, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll.
228, 627, 1780, 2798); _according as_ (l. 1351).

l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (_Lord_) and Deofol
(_devil_; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry;
cf. t s (l. 318), ofer s (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), t rste (l.
1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc.

l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--_Beit._ ix. 137.

l. 120. unflo = _uncanny_ (R.).

l. 131. E. translates, _majestic rage;_ adopting Gr.'s view that swy is =
Icel. svii, _a burn_ or _burning_. Cf. l. 737.

l. 142. B. supposes heal-egnes to be corrupted from helegnes; cf. l.
101.--_Beit._ xii. 80. See Glc, l. 1042.

l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.

l. 146. S. destroys period after slest, puts ws ... micel in parenthesis,
and inserts a colon after td.

l. 149. B. reads srcwidum for syan.

l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after
Deniga.--_Beit._ xii. 82.

l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol.

l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late
insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen.
Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment,"
and therefore it could not be touched.

l. 169. ne ... wisse: _nor had he desire to do so_ (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for
other suggestions.

l. 169. myne wisse occurs in _Wanderer_, l. 27.

l. 174. The gerundial inf. with t expresses purpose, defines a noun or
adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf.
ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. t + inf. at ll. 316, 2557.

ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the
poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days
of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.

l. 177. gst-bona is regarded by Ettmller and G. Stephens (_Thunor_, p.
54) as an epithet of Thor (= _giant-killer_), a kenning for Thunor or Thor,
meaning both _man_ and _monster_.--E.

l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both
md-ceare and ml-ceare as accus., others as instr.

ll. 190, 1994. se: for this use of sean cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed.
Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used.

l. 194. fram hm = _in his home_ (S., H.-So.); but fram hm may be for fram
him (_from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's_). Cf. Ha., p. 8.

l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase.

l. 200. See _Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana_ for swan-rd (_= sea_). "The
swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden."
--E. Cf. ganotes b, l. 1862.

l. 203. Concessive clauses with eh, eh e, eh ... eal, vary with
subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind;
cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne.

l. 204. hl, an OE. word found in Wlker's Glossaries in various forms, =
_augury, omen, divination_, etc. Cf. hlsere, _augur_; hl, _omen;_
hlsung, _augurium_, hlsian, etc. Cf. Tac., _Germania_, 10.

l. 207. C. adds "= _impetrare_" to the other meanings of findan given in
the Gloss.

l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and _Andreas_, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's

    "And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew,"
       --_Corsair_, i.17.

and Scott's

    "Merrily, merrily bounds the bark."
      --_Lord of the Isles_, iv. 7.

l. 218. Cf.
    "The fomy stedes on the golden brydel
    Gnawinge."
      --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1648, ed. Morris.

l. 219. Does n-td mean _hour_ (Th.), or _corresponding hour_ = nd-td
(H.-So.), or _in due time_ (E.), or _after a time_, when res, etc., would
be adv. gen.? See C., _Beit._ viii. 568.

l. 224. eoletes may = (1) _voyage_; (2) _toil, labor_; (3) _hurried
journey;_ but _sea_ or _fjord_ appears preferable.

ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the
Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second
among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15.

l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _Bewulf_ the earliest
sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is S.... To this they
added Wter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim,
Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad,
Ganotes-b."--Br., p. 163-166.

l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion
where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163
1803, 268, etc. Cf. German _spazieren fahren reiten_, etc., and similar
constructions in French, etc.

l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas bron. B. inserts (?) after
holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on
the wall."

l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not
produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to
several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels,
and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc.

l. 249. seld-guma = _man-at-arms in another's house_ (Wood); = _low-ranking
fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, _stay-at-home_ (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight,"
_Marmion_, i. 5.

l. 250. nfne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = _unless_; cf. ll.
1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = _except_, see l. 1354. Cf. btan, gif, eh.

l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _Bewulf_, see S.
A. Brooke, _Hist. of Early Eng. Lit_. For general "Old Teutonic Life in
Bewulf," see J. A. Harrison, _Overland Monthly_.

l. 252. r as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819,
732. For ind., cf. l. 2020.

l. 253. les = _loose_, _roving_. Ettmller corrected to lese.

l. 256. This proverb (fest, etc.) occurs in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 293.

l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = _eminent_, may
be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of lfred_, C. 17: N t lc eald s, ac t
he eald s on wsdme.

l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.;
cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen,
horen_, etc., French construction with _voir, entendre_, etc., and the
classical constructions.

l. 275. dd-hata = _instigator_. Kl. reads dd-hwata.

l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten
Br. = _Tidskr_. viii. 291.

l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms 'ghwer
('ger), ghwer, etc. This prefixed ', e corresponds to the Goth,
_aiw_, OHG. _eo_, _io_, and is umlauted from ,  by the i of the gi which
originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.

l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called
'weeds.'"--E.

l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet,
and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins
or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged
sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short,
heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used
for close quarters."--Br., p. 121.

l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454;
Grimm, _Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania_, 45. "It was the symbol of their
[the Baltic stii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a
preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of
Green's _Short History_, Harper & Bros.

l. 303. "See Kemble, _Saxons in England_, chapter on heathendom, and
Grimm's _Teutonic Mythology_, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these
and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which
Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. _Elene_, l. 50.

l. 304. Gering proposes hler-bergan = _cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit._ xii.
26. "A bronze disk found at land in Sweden represents two warriors in
helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the
hler-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S.
heals, _neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect_; and harbor, < A.-S. here,
_army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's
_Exod._ l. 175.

l. 305. For ferh wearde and gmde grummon, B. and ten Br. read
ferh-wearde (l. 305) and gmdgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ...
guarded the lives of the warlike men_.

l. 311. lema: cf. Chaucer, _Nonne Preestes Tale_, l. 110, ed. Morris:

    "To dremen in here dremes
    Of armes, and of fyr with rede _lemes_."

l. 318. On the double gender of s, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and
note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of
_between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So _Cdmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe),
_Exod._ l. 562 (Hunt), etc.

l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and _Andreas_, l. 987, where almost the same words
occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient
causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of
civilization." --E.

l. 322. S. inserts comma after scr, and makes hring-ren (= _ring-mail_)
parallel with g-byrne.

l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house
was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a
church porch is called vkenhus,... i.e. _weapon-house_, because the
worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E.,
after G. Stephens.

l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal _damask'd_ o'er with gold."--E.

l. 336. "l-, el-, kindred with Goth. _aljis_, other, e.g. in lodig,
elodig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.

l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-egn.

l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same bed-genetas,--"the predecessor title to
that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. _Andreas_ (K.), l. 2177.

l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with
some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of
willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056;
and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817.

l. 353. s here, and at l. 501, probably means _arrival_. E. translates
the former by _visit_, the latter by _adventure_.

l. 357. unhr = _hairless, bald_ (Gr., etc.).

l. 358. eode is only one of four or five preterits of gn (gongan, gangan,
gengan), viz. geng (ging: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.),
gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that eode is
"probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, _Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod._
(Hunt) l. 102.

l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. gldman Hrgr, abandoning
Thorkelin's gldnian. There is a glass. hilaris gldman.--_Beit._ xii. 84;
same as gld.

l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like
sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590,
1822, 526. Cf. _do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty_, etc.

l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._,
ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other
places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical
sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out
and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified
warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed
out in the full sense of _knight_."--E.

l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-fder, "hyphens are risky toys to
play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-fder could
only = _grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored_, and the hyphen is
unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. _alt-vater_.

l. 378. Th. and B. propose Getum, as presents from the Danish to the
Geatish king.--_Beit._ xii.

l. 380. hbbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish
and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as
if_.

ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go
into the hall together."

l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is
subject-acc. to sen. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's _Exod_. l. 214.

l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar
enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred.
It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach
it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168.

l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in
1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large
number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an
inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of
one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126.

l. 407. Wes ... hl: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into
wassail. Cf. Skeat's _Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas_ (K.), 1827; Layamon, l.
14309, etc.

l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weoran [in passive relations]
is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weoran
generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German _werden_ and _sein_ in similar
relations.

l. 414. Gr. translates hdor by _receptaculum_; cf. Gering, _Zachers
Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.

ll. 420, 421. B. reads: r ic (_on_) ffelgeban (= _ocean_) de eotena
cyn. Ten Br. reads: r ic ffelgeban de, eotena hm. Ha. suggests
ffelgeband = _monster-band_, without further changes.

l. 420. R. reads ra = _of them_, for r.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 399;
_Beit._ xii. 367.

l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially,
and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram.,
p. 158.

l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's
determination to fight single-handed.

l. 441. e hine = _whom_, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable e is often
thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes
separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw.

l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider
the Getas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland.
Alfred translates Juti by Getas, but _Jutland_ by _Gotland_. In the laws
they are called Guti.--_Beit._ xii. 1, etc.

l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = _fearlessly_, modifying
etan. Kl. reads anforhte = _timid_.

l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: _thou wilt not need my head to hide_
(i.e. _bury_). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant.
Wood, _thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!_ H.-So. supposes
hefod-weard, _a guard of honor_, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers
had, to be meant by hafalan hdan; hence, _you need not give me any guard_,
etc. Cf. Schmid, _Gesetze der A._, 370-372.

l. 447. S. places a colon after nime.

l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (_Beit._ xii. 87) agree essentially in
translating feorme, _food_. R. translates _consumption of my corpse.
Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either.

l. 452. Rnning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--_Beovulfs Kvadet_, l. 59.
Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens,
who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l.
18, etc.

l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented
with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type,
husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf.
A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was
knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in
London_, ii. 228.

l. 455. This is the lces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd
bi swost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it
in _Bewulf_.

l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the
Christian tone of l. 685 _seq._

ll. 457, 458. B. reads wre-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of
clientage_).

l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.

l. 488. "The dugu, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the
nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word,
_douth_, occurs often. Associated with geogo, ll. 160 and 622.

l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hr-secgum, =
_disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes_. Others, as Krner, convert
meoto into an imperative and divide on sl = _think upon happiness_. But
cf. onband beadu-rne, l. 501. B. supposes onsl meoto =_speak courteous
words_. _Tidskr_. viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud_. ii.
251.

l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783.

l. 494. Cf. Grimm's _Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =_proud, elated,
exulting; Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266.

l. 499. MS. has Hunfer, but the alliteration requires nfer, as at ll.
499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See _List of Names_.

l. 501. s = _arrival_ (?); cf. l. 353.

l. 504. on m = _the more_ (?), may be added to the references under on.

l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.

l. 509. dol-gilp = _idle boasting_. The second definition in the Gloss. is
wrong.

l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the
awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant
dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English
term _eagre_ still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore
on rivers. Dryden uses it in his _Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre_
rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's
_Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's _Cdmon_, 69, etc.

l. 524. Krger and B. read Bnstnes.--_Beit._ ix. 573.

l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. _guten Muthes_) geinges;
but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... ingea = wyrsena inga, _can
stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, _Christ_, l. 66, etc.

l. 534. Insert, under eard-lufa (in Gloss.), earfo, st. n., _trouble,
difficulty, struggle_; acc. pl. earfeo, 534.

l. 545 _seq._ "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming,
but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then
storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a
tribe mentioned in _Wdsth_. The story seems legendary, not
mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61.

ll. 574-578. B. suggests sw r for hwere, = _so there it befell me_.
But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l.
891; see S.; _Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr_. viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc.

l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fgum sweordum (no ic s fela gylpe!),
supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl.
supply geflites.

l. 599. E. translates nd-bde by _blackmail_; adding "nd bd, _toll_; nd
bdere, _tolltaker_."--Land Charters, Gloss, v.

l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041);
elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_.

l. 612. _seq._ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers
the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after
it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E.

l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was
tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E.

l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old.

l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhew at l. 1164.

l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ l. 237 (ed. Morris):

    "Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys."

Cf. _giddy_.

l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr_.
viii. 57) has shown that oe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne.

l. 650. oe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_.

l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii.
344) is applied to the demon.--E.

l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage
Service.--E.

l. 681. B. considers eh ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_.

l. 682. gdra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr.), _battle-skill_ (Ha.), _skill
in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nt be changed to nah = ne + h (cf. l. 2253),
thus justifying the translation _ability_ (?) --_he has not the ability
to_, etc.

l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--_Beit._ ix. 189. B. omits he as occurring in the
previous hemistich.--_Beit._ xii. 89.

l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek
Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l.
1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Wds_, l. 6, etc.

l. 711. B. translates  by _when_ and connects with the preceding
sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects
to the use of com as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii.)

l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is
written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--yrs sceal on fenne gewunian
na inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_
(Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36.

l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt._ xi. 419, quotes from lfric, _Hom._ ii. 498:
h beworhte  bigelsas mid gyldenum lfrum, _he covered the arches with
gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ =
_aureolum_, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247,
2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.

l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-egnas, and
make hle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.

l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrn.

l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl._ ii. 26:

    "Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare."

l. 757. gedrg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar.
= _occupation, lair_.

l. 759. R. reads mdega for gda, "because the attribute cannot be
separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."

l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of t = _off_.--E.

l. 769. The foreign words in _Bewulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous;
others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.) defol
(diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrfan (for- ge-), segn (l.
47), gigant (l. 113), ml- (l. 1363), strt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim
(l. 2073), etc.

l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a
fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rden, etc. (cf.
meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare
under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare
bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen
would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_.--H.-So., p. 93.
See B., _Tidskr_. viii. 292.

l. 771. Ten Br. reads re, rnhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_.

l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like nige inga, nnige inga (_not
at all_), hru inga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers'
Gram., p. 178; March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 182.

l. 811. myre. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not
recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word.

ll. 850, 851. S. reads dep for deg and erases semicolon after wel, =
_the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads
de-fges dep, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's
gore_.--_Beit._ xii. 89.

l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mearas below,
l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's
_Elene_, l. 1185.

l. 859. Krner, _Eng. Stud_. i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sm
twenum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twene is part
of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l.
558.

l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of hthere and Wulfstn_ for an account of funeral
horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.

l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.

l. 871 _seq._ R. considers this a technical description of improvised
alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.

l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the
verbs in the next two lines.

ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we
possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wlsinges
gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in
the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_,
l. 739.

l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gn, weoran, sometimes take habban, "to
indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafa ... geworden, l. 2027.

l. 895. "brcan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc.,
gen., instr., dat., according to March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 151.

l. 898. Scherer proposes hte, = _from heat_, instr. of ht, _heat_; cf. l.
2606.

l. 901. h s ron h = _he throve in honor_ (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma
after h, making sian introduce a depend. clause.--_Beit._ viii. 568.
Cf. weor-myndum h, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So.

l. 902. Heremdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the
valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the
eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the
contradiction between the good "Heremd" here and the bad one, l. 1710
_seq._--B. however holds fast to Heremd.--_Beit._ xii. 41. on fenda
geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721,
2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwd, cf.
_Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan._ 17: he wlenco anwd.

l. 902 _seq._ "Heremd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund,
and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a
chieftain."--Br., p. 66.

l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon.

l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod._, l. 170, for similar language.

l. 925. hs, G. hansa, _company_, "the word from which the mercantile
association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E.

l. 927. on staole = _on the floor_ (B., Rask, ten Br.).--_Beit._ xii. 90.

l. 927. May not stepne here = _bright_, from its being immediately
followed by golde fhne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen _stepe_," _Prol._ l. 201
(ed. Morris); Cockayne's _Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath._, l.
1647.

l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= _sorrows_), gen. plu. of gyrn, as
suggested by one commentator.

l. 937. B. (_Beit._ xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wd-scofen (hfde).
Gr. makes we nom. absolute.

l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. _old-shock_; perhaps
the pop. interjection _O shucks!_ (!)

l. 959. H. explains we as a "plur. of majesty," which Bewulf throws off at
l. 964.

l. 963. fend one frtgan (B. _Beit._ xii. 90).

l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range
of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance,
means simply _injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin_ is
only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only _hater_, but _persecutor,
enemy_, just as n is both _hatred_ and _violence, strength_; heard is
_sharp_ as well as _hard_."--Sw.

l. 986. S. places ws at end of l. 985 and reads stra ngla, omitting
gehwylc and the commas after that and after scewedon. _Beit._ ix. 138;
stdra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987.

l. 986. Miller (_Anglia_, xii. 3) corrects to ghwylene, in apposition to
fingras.

l. 987. hand-sporu. See _Anglia_, vii. 176, for a discussion of the
intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems.

l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unheru = ungeheuer.

l. 992. B. suggests hetimbred for hten, and gefrtwon for -od; Kl.,
hroden (_Beit._ ix. 189).

l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web =
_aurifrisium_.

l. 997. After ra e = _of those that_, the depend, vb. often takes sg.
for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich.

l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl,"
etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle,
Battle_field, etc.--Skeat, _Principles_, i. 250.

l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ (ed. Morris) l. 550:

    "Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of _harre_."

ll. 1005-1007. See _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit._ xii. 368, for
R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.

l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sl and ml, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind
your _seals and meals_," = _times and occasions_, i.e. have your wits about
you.--E.

ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in
conjunction.

l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language.

ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ...
ra). Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 91.

l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting,
ll. 1458, 1660; Hnlfing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the
Nibelung Balmung, etc.

l. 1034. scr-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see
Professor Pearce's article in _Mod. Lang. Notes_, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing
discussion.

l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the
word here = _enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. _Cdmon_, ll. 2439,
2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings

l. 1043. Grundt. emends wg to wicg, = _charger_; and E. quotes Tacitus,
_Germania_, 7.

l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."

For Ingwin, see _List of Names_.

l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, _concerning, about_ (Ebert's
_Jahrb._, 1862, p. 269).

l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = _concerning_
(?). Cf. _Fight at Finnsburg_, Appendix.

l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-"
"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.

l. 1073. Eotenas = _Finn's people, the Frisians_; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146,
etc., and _Beit._ xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known.

l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wi gefeohtan (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii.
394). Kl., wi H. wiht gefeohtan.

ll. 1085 and 1099. we-lf occurs in Wulfstan, _Hom._ 133, ed. Napier.--E.
Cf. daroa lf, _Brunanb._, l. 54; des lfe, _Phoenix_, 272 (Bright), etc.

l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht
streitig war_.--B., _Beit._ iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn
are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme
occurs.

l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wre here, is comparatively
rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations
from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029.

l. 1108. Krner suggests ecge, = _sword_, in reference to a supposed old
German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear
(_Eng. Stud._ i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = _bright gold_; B., andige =
Goth, _andaugjo, evidently_. Cf. incge lfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (=
_young men_) gold hfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's _Exod._ l. 190.

ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (ht  ...) bnfatu brnan ond on bl dn,
earme on eaxe = _to place the arms in the ashes_, reading grc =
_battle-reek_, for -rinc (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 395). B., Sarrazin
(_Beit._ xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 330), C., etc.,
propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and _Beit._ viii. 568. For
grinc sth, cf. Old Norse, _stiga  bl_, "ascend the bale-fire."

l. 1116. sweoloe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides
to let new grass grow, is called _zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry_, G.
_schwl_, etc.

l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rc sth, l. 3145; and _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 450: wlmist
sth.

l. 1122. tspranc = _burst forth, arose_ (omitted from the Gloss.), < t +
springan.

l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as
at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.

l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728.

l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., _Beit._ xii. 31, who conjectures a
gap after 1142).

l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hn Lfing, = _Hn placed the sword Lfing_,
etc.--_Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 396. Heinzel and
Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc.).

l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Mller read: worod rdenne, onne him Hn Lfing,
= _military brotherhood, when Hn laid upon his breast_ (the sword)
_Lfing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Lvi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords,
armor, etc., are often called the _leaving_ (lf) of files, hammers, etc.,
especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796,
etc., etc.

l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B., _Tidskr_. viii. 295).

l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Mller,
_Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert._, 10,
226; B., _Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Wds_, l. 33, etc.

ll. 1160, 1161. le (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms.

ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the
contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life
of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved
and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one
another."--Br., p. 18.

l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding,
wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996,
etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in
_wunder-schn_, etc.

l. 1165.  gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to
other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefderan = Hrgr and Hrulf,
l. 1018. Cf. um-swerian, l. 84.

l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, t ftum, etc., where nfer is first
introduced.

l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged
men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches
still.

l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hie tan;
cf. _Voyage of hthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _Bewulf_, ll.
859, 1686, etc.

l. 1194. bewgned, a [Greek: hapax legomenon], tr. _offered_ by Th.
Probably a p. p. wgen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc.
Cf. hafenian ( < hafen, < hebban), etc.

l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or
broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow_., etc.).

l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173,
2174.

ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem
may be approximately dated,--if Hygelc is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory
of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20.

l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the
goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt_. Hma stole the necklace from
the Gothic King Eormenrc; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The
comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelc's
history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.

l. 1200. For Brsinga mene, cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 72. C. suggests fleh, =
_fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making h subject of
fleh and geces.

l. 1202. B. conjectures geces cne rd to mean _he became a pious man and
at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hma) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a
cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf.
Hrgr's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761.

l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a
parallel for brest-gewdu ... beh below.

l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called
se wdfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_.

l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bge onfng. _Beit._ viii. 570. For hre- Kl.
suggests hr-.

l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmller, the one that
reigns after Hrgr.

l. 1229. Kl. suggests s, = _be_, for _is_.

l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit._ ix.
139; Kl. _ibid_. 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107.

l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language.

l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.

l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the
numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG.,
Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf.
Murray's _Dict._ s. v.

l. 1248. nwg-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43;
_Beit._ ix. 210, 282.

l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of
the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.

l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but
cf. wsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.

ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant
parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is
quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesne and wdc,
etc.

l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay
from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are
described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted
by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br.,
p. 41.

l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and
monsters and their descent from "Cain."

l. 1261. The MS. has se e, m.; changed by some to seo e. At ll. 1393,
1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505,
1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female
in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and
savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137,
etc.

l. 1270. glca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l.
1513.--Sw.

l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether
it should be read nwealda, = _only ruler_.--Sw.

l. 1279. The MS. has sunu eod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu
ed-wrecan, ed- = _monstrous_; but why not regard ed as opposition to
sunu, = _her son, the prince?_ See Sweet's Reader, and Krner's discussion,
_Eng. Stud._ i. 500.

l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sna) sra = _return of sorrows._

l. 1286. "geuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geren, _forged_,
and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw.
for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc.

ll. 1292. e hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Hliand_, l. 1308.

l. 1298. be sm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod_. l. 442; and Mod. Eng.
"to _us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol._, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.

l. 1301. C. proposes er him rn = _another apartment was assigned him_.

l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrf genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be
unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these
circumstances.

l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest ngde or ngde, _accosted_, < ngan = Mid. Ger.
_nhwian_, pr. p. _nhwiandans, approach_. For hngan, _press down,
vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc.

l. 1321. C. suggests ned-lum for ned-lau, _after crushing hostility_;
but cf. frend-lau, l. 1193.

l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefgnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a
parallel to se wlanc, l. 1333.

l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of
far-reaching consequence."--_Beit._ xii. 93.

l. 1345. B. reads ge for ew (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 205).

ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant
form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)."
--E.

l. 1347. Cf. sele-rdende at l. 51.

l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition
(dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislcost."--Sw.

l. 1352. ides, like firas, _men_, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm
to have been applied, like Gr. [Greek: nmph], to superhuman or
semi-divine women.

ll. 1360-1495 _seq._ E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the
poetical accounts of _neid_, vii. 563; _Lucretius_, vi. 739, etc.

l. 1360. firgenstrem occurs also in the _Phoenix_ (Bright, p. 168) l. 100;
_Andreas_, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); _Gnomic Verses_, l. 47, etc.

l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in
miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207.

l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrnende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th.
read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, _encircling_ (Sarrazin, _Beit._ xi. 163);
hrmge = _frosty_ (Sw.); _with frost-whiting covered_ (Ha.). See Morris,
_Blickling Hom_., Preface, vi., vii.

l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrmige edoras behrofene, _rimy, roofless halls_.

l. 1366. nwundor may = ni- (as in ni-sele, _q. v._) wundor, _wonder of
the deep_.

l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even
independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's _Exod_., l. 319.

l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent
with adj.

l. 1371. "sele is not dependent on r, for in that case it would be in the
subjunctive, but r is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction
r in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,'
etc."--Sw.

l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf.

l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or
fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swt (l. 2694), etc.,
for eald, bld.

l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of wtan, _go_, = _let us go;_ cf. French
_allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102.

l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.

l. 1402. geatolc probably = _in his equipments_, as B. suggests (_Beit._
xii. 83), comparing searolc.

ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gn (Goth,
_gaggida_). Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1096, etc.

l. 1405. S. (_Beit._ ix. 140) supplies [r he] gegnum fr; B. (_ibid._
xii. 14) suggests hwr he.

l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take n-paas = paths wide enough for only one,
like Norwegian _einstig_; cf. stge nearwe, just above. _Trail_ is the
meaning. Cf. enge npaas, unc geld, _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 58.

l. 1421. Cf. onc, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete
with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals
(l. 1438), etc.

l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "_Falanx_ foea."

l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks,
"it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ...
Icel. _nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. _nk, nisse_, Swed. _ncken_, G. _nix,
nixe_, etc." See Skeat, _Nick._

l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnged, _prostrated_, and regards na as gen. pl.
"used instrumentally," = _by force._

l. 1441. -bora = _bearer, stirrer;_ occurs in other compds., as mund-,
rd-, wg-bora.

l. 1447. him = _for him_, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw.

l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = _flaming_.

l. 1457. len is the inf. of lh; cf. onlh (< onlen) at l. 1468. lhan
was formerly given as the inf.; cf. lne = lhne.

l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.

l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle
with the giant in the cave. hft-mce may be = Icel. _heptisax_ (_Anglia_,
iii. 83), "hip-knife."

l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ...
But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old
treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365.

l. 1460. ter-terum = _poison-drops_ (C., _Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid_.
xi. 359).

l. 1467. t, comp. relative, = _that which_; "we testify _that_ we do
know."

l. 1480. for-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = _mihi defuncto_.--M.
Callaway, _Am. Journ. of Philol._, October, 1889.

l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif
or bton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf.
ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For bton, cf. ll. 967, 1561.

l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner
of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.

l. 1490. Kl. reads wl-sweord, = _battle-sword_.

l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural
phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and
which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local
color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the
lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45.

l. 1514. B. (_Beit._ xii. 362) explains nisele, hrfsele as _roof-covered
hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (_Anglia_, iii. 83).

l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the
hair_.

l. 1543. and-len (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-len.

l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--_Beit._ ix. 140.

l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after elce; Sw. and S.
place comma after gescd.

l. 1584. er swylc = _another fifteen_ (Sw.); = _fully as many_ (Ha.).

ll. 1592-1613 _seq._ Cf. _Anglia_, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).

l. 1595. blondenfeax = _grizzly-haired_ (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf.
_Brunanb._, l. 45 (Bright).

l. 1599. gewear, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this,
that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., _Beit._ xii. 97).

l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wscton = _wished_.--_Beit._ viii. 571.

l. 1607. broden ml is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or
damascened sword_.--W., Ho.

l. 1611. wl-rpas = _water-ropes = bands of frost_ (l. 1610) (?). Possibly
the Prov. Eng. weele, _whirlpool_. Cf. wl, _gurges_, Wright, Voc., _Gnom.
Verses_, l. 39.--E.

l. 1611. wgrpas (Sw.) = _wave-bands_ (Ha.).

l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, _haunts of the giants_
(Northumbr. ea for eo).

l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., _Beit._ xii. 369); cf. l. 290.

l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmller understand idese to refer to the queen.

l. 1651. Cf. _Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit._ xi. 167, for coincidences with the
Grettir Saga (13th cent.).

l. 1657. Restore MS. reading wigge in place of wge.

l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... ste for ecen ... oftost, omitting
brackets (_Zackers Zeitschr._ iv. 206). G. translates _mighty ... often_.

l. 1675. ondrdan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is
frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase,
and the prefix then appears as a: abtan, amang, aweg, aright,
adr'dan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.

ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455,
1563, 1691, etc.

l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... oranc enta geweorc, _Gnomic Verses_, l. 2;
Sweet's Reader, p. 186.

ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the
process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times
.... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for
names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan
usage.

ll. 1703, 1704. t  eorl nre geboren betera (B., _Tidskr._ 8, 52).

l. 1715. na hwearf = _he died solitary and alone_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38); =
_lonely_ (Ha.); = _alone_ (G.).

l. 1723. led-bealo longsum = _eternal hell-torment_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38,
who compares _Ps. Cott._ 57, lf longsum).

l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, _towards possession_; Ha., _to
possessions_.

l. 1730. mdgeonc, like lig, s, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender
(m., n. in the case of mdge.).

l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on [Greek: hubris], or
overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector
against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and
Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743).

l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki,
who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The
language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.

l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = w(u)m; cf. wh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p.
295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below
(l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated.

l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wh, _wrong_
= gen. ws or wges, dat. w(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wra, dat. w(u)m, etc.;
and cf. declension of heh, hreh, rh, etc.

l. 1748. wergan gstes; cf. _Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld
Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the
devil."--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist._ contains (naturally) many examples of
the expression = devil.

l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit._ xii. 95); Ha. translates
_boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf.
_Christ_, l. 818.

l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the
evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais il_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl._ iii. 103. He
remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their
enemies with possessing this weapon.

l. 1784. wigge geweorad (MS. wigge weorad) is C.'s conjecture; cf.
_Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war_.

l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of ben is plainly
seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc.

l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person
affected; others (as yncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688,
1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March,
A.-S. Gram., p. 145.

l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as
opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the
regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028;
_Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc.

l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after
darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before
"the warriors." For onettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss.

ll. 1808-1810. Mllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct
sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglfes (i.e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo.) _thanked him_
(Un.) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915.

ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hrogar, to be
what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true
knight'"--E.

l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelce.

l. 1835 gr-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. sc-holt.

l. 1855. sl = _better_ (Grundt.; B., _Beit._ xii. 96), instead of MS. wel.

ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the
experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E.

l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemne, agreeing with sib.--_Beit._ ix. 140,
190.

l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a
considerable height, such as forty feet."--E.

l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_.

l. 1865. B. proposes gehte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l.
611.

l. 1876. gesen = _see again_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190). S. and B. insert n
to modify gesen and explain Hrgr's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's
text. Cf. l. 567.

l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born,
barn, = _burned?_--S., Th.

l. 1887. orleahtre is a _[Greek: hapax legomenon]_. E. compares Tennyson's
"blameless" king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gd cyning of l. 11.

l. 1896. scaan = _warriors_ (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf.
l. 253.

l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of
Hrgr's men; at l. 1901 the bt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf
with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears
to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb
n-td res dgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both
passages (fmig-heals, clifu, nssas, slde, brim, etc.).--The nautical
terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.

l. 1904. R. proposes, gewt him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on
alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402). B. reads on
nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit._ xii. 97).

l. 1913. Cf. the same use of cel, = _ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron._, ed.
Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc.

l. 1914. S. inserts t h before on lande.

l. 1916. B. makes lefra manna depend on wltode, = _looked for the dear
men ready at the coast_ (_Beit._ xii. 97).

l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S.
conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit._ ix. 141).

l. 1927 _seq._ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted
and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle,
and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the
exception, l. 1932 _seq._

l. 1933. C. suggests frcnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be
called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd
seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l.
902 _seq._, Sigemund and Heremd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf.
Gr., _Jahrb. fr rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; Mllenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr._
xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers
Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., _ibid._ iv. 206; Krner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 489-492;
H.-So., p. 106.

l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical
Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and ryo (Gr.'s
_Drida_ of the _Vita Off Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale is
told of her, not of Hygd.

l. 1936. Suchier proposes andges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes ndges, =
_the whole day_; G., _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to
govqern hire, = _on her_, and dges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a
genitive of time, = _by day_.

l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsce, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955.

l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod_. l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's
candles.'

l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq._ for the actual slayer of Ongenew, i.e. Eofor,
to whom Hygelc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998.

l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G., Ha.);
_draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw.).

l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [he-].

l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading h n (for hn), which he regards as
= Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (h). Cf. H.-So., p. 107;
_Beit._ xii. 9.

l. 1985. snne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third
person, sn (declined like mn). It is used not only as a true reflexive,
but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram.,
p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790.

l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of se; cf. to "glow" with emotion,
"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used;
cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc.

l. 2010. B. proposes fcne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l.
350; _Beit._ xii. 97.

l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the
poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_
(as here: ealu-wg), _mead, beer, wine, l_ (cider? Goth. _leius_, Prov.
Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc.

l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for ws.

l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weoran, = _agree, be pleased
with_ (Ha.); _appear_ (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).

ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = _gave_) wre fter
led-hryre: lytle hwle bongr bge, eh se brd duge = _oft has a
treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the
murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., _Beit._ ix.
190; B., _Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G.,
p. 62.

l. 2036. Cf. Kl, _Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 404.

l. 2042. For beh B. reads b, = _both_, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.

l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wgende, = _fighting_, for
lifigende.

l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this
line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is
not so designated in the MS., though  (at l. 2822) is written with
capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893.

l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note.

l. 2115 _seq._ B. restores thus:

                      r on innan ging
    nia nthwylc,      nede t gefng
    hnum horde;      hond tgenam
    seleful since fh;      n h t syan geaf,
    eh e h slpende      besyrede hyrde
    efes crfte:       t se iden onfand,
    b-folc beorna,       t h gebolgen ws.

--_Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 210.

l. 2128. tbr here = _bear away_, not given in the Gloss.

l. 2129. B. proposes frunga, = _suddenly_, for Gr.'s reading in the
text.--_Beit._ xii. 98.

l. 2132. MS. has ine life, which Leo translates _by thy leave_ (= ON.
_leyfi_); B., _by thy life_.--_Beit._ xii. 369.

l. 2150. B. renders gen, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my
gracious king" (_Beit._ xii. 99).

l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafa, are poetic archaisms.--Sw.

l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = _prince_, for eafor. W. proposes the compd.
eafor-hefodsegn, = _helm_; cf. l. 1245.

l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially
when postponed: "Beowulf lefa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.:
wudu selesta, etc.

l. 2158. rest is possibly the verbal subs. from rsan, _to arise, =
arising, origin_. R. suggested rist, _arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, _Eccles.
Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual)
_resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle_, p.
302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., _Beit._ x. 222; and cf. l.
2166.

l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wn]don, = _weened_, instead of Th.'s [oft
sg]don.

l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals
his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is
"laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lfing on Hengest's breast, l.
1145.

l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an
unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son
in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and
was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22.

l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., _Beit._ ix.
191, thinks with Ettm. that sendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges.
der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like
hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration.

l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat"
[throne].--E.

l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra.

l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's
"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.

l. 2213. B. proposes s e on hearge hen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75.

l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a
Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the
dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire.
Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50.

l. 2216. nede. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads
nede, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of ned.

l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part
Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.

ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gst sylfes
willum.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100.

l. 2225. For ew read egn.--K. and Z.

l. 2225. ew, st. m., _slave, serf_ (not in H.-So.).

l. 2227. For ofer-earfe read rnes earfa.--Z.

ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:

    secg synbysig      sna onwltode,
    eh m gyste      gryrebrga std,
    hwre earmsceapen      innganges earfa
       .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
    fesceapen,       hyne se fr begeat.
                     --_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.

l. 2232. W. suggests seah or ser for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolc.

l. 2233. Z. surmises eor-hse (for -scrfe).

l. 2241. B. proposes ln-gestrena, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose
leng (= _longer_) gestrena; S. accepts the text but translates "the
long accumulating treasure."

l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne
dl,--_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).--_Zachers Zeitschr._
iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 102.

l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec.

l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one
who may_, etc.

l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes,"
= clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf.
ll. 116, 1280.

l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan
wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting,
and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements
most frequent in _Bewulf_.

l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.

l. 2276. Z. suggests swe ondrda; Ho. puts gescean for Gr.'s
gewunian.

l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrsan. "Three hundred winters,"
at l. 2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund
missera, l. 1499; hund senda, l. 2995; ritig (of Beowulf's strength), l.
379; ritig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan sendo, l. 2196,
etc.

l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p.
77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii.
102.

l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E.
_un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces
_on-do_, etc.

l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B.
proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict,"
etc. So ten Br.

l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose hm, = _home_, for him.--_Beit._ xii. 103.

l. 2335. E. translates elond utan by _the sea-board front, the
water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5.

l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon
single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376.

l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laan cynne as apposition to mgum.

l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._

l. 2362. Gr. inserts na, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and
Krger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.

l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale.
Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of
mail."--Br., p. 48.

l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelc in his
Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc.

l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of silea bigong, and compares
Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between
waterfalls.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214.

l. 2380. hyne--Heardrd; so him, l. 2358.

l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swi-rce as identical with the modern
_Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.

l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. Mller, _Alteng.
Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or.

l. 2391. Cf. l. 11.

l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that
Edgils, hthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by
Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself
O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS.
has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fend. G. translates
_friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert_. iii. 177.

l. 2395. Edgils is hthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is hthere's brother;
cf. ll. 2933, 2617.

l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _Bewulf_ is
essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as
distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this
passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In
each case all but one desert the hero.

l. 2437. R. proposes stred, = _ordered, decreed_, for strd.--_Zachers
Zeitschr._ iii. 409.

l. 2439. B. corrects to fre-wine = _noble friend_, asking, "How can
Herebeald be called Hcyn's fre-wine [MS.], _lord?_"

l. 2442. feohles gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by
money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw.

l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p.
75.

l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 56). W.
conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before onne.

l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi.
3, 357).

ll. 2454-2455. (1) Mllenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes:

                    onne se n hafa
    urh dda nd      dees gefandod.

(2) B. proposes:

    urh dda n      dees gefondad.
       --_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215.

l. 2458. Cf. scetend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like rdend. Cf. _Judith_, l.
305, etc.

l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mlar lake, the
boundary between Swedes and Goths.

l. 2477. On oe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr_. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.

l. 2489. B. proposes hre-blc for Gr.'s heoro-.--_Tikskr_. viii. 297.

l. 2494. S. suggests el-wynne.

l. 2502. E. translates for dugeum, _of my prowess_; so Ettmller.

ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the
monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85.

l. 2524. and-httres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads orees and ttres, _blast
and venom_. Cf. oru, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where ttor- also occurs).

l. 2526. E. quotes flen ftes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247.

l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stn-bogan (for std on
stn-bogan) depending on geseah.

l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose der, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for dep.

L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslw, =
_sharp_.--_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.

ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescfe (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_,
"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent,
coiled?_ cf. l. 2568,  se wyrm gebeh snde tsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled
serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy
comma after t and read gescpe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him  Scyld
gewt t gescp-hwle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.

l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_,
as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.

l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--_Beit._ ix. 141.

l. 2604. Mllenh. explains led Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii.
176-178.

l. 2607. re = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).

l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf.
el-, land-riht, word-riht.

l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wrccan winelesum Weohstn bana, = _whom, a
friendless exile, W. had slain_.

ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem
principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_.

l. 2643. B. proposes ser.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216.

l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wtan, _to
go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_,
Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S.
Gram._, pp. 104, 196.

l. 2650. B. suggests ht for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105.

l. 2656. fne = fh-ne; cf. fra = fh-ra, l. 578; so henne (MS.) =
heh-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.

ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrd, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_
B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrd and bm
gemne. B. reads bwdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc n, = _to us
two now_, for rum; and K. and Grundt. read ben gemne for bm, etc. This
makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.

l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.

l. 2681. Ngling; cf. Hrunting, Lfing, and other famous wundor-smia
geweorc of the poem.

l. 2687. B. changes onne into one (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii.
105.

l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum.

l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.

l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the
dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he
struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.

l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also
occurs; and hdan.

l. 2700. hwne; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number.

l. 2702. S. proposes  (for t) t fr, etc., = _when the fire began_,
etc.

l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of
the skeleton."--E.

l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wrc, = _drove out all the life_; cf.
_Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the
foe_, etc.--_Ibid_. Parentheses seem unnecessary.

l. 2727. dg-hwl = _time allotted, lifetime_.

l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places
it at the end of l. 2744.

l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.

l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhgean or oferhgan, = Goth,
_ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in
value_.--_Tidskr_. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhdian, = _to make
arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhd.--_Beit._ ix. 192.

l. 2770. gelocen leoocrftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2)
_wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.);
cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522.

l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with
which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr_. viii. 299). R. proposes
ealdhlforde. Mllenh. understands ealdhlford to mean the former possessor
of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives rgescd as a compd. = re
calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates rgescd as vb. and adv.

l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes t ende; landes t ende, _Exod_. (Hunt).

l. 2792. MS. reads wteres weorpan, which R. would change to wtere
sweorfan.

l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and
called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-ns)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.

l. 2815. Wglf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the
recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the
word lf (Wg-_lf_, ende-_lf_).

l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _jngst_, lately.

l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on lfe, on
worulde_.

l. 2840. gersde = pret. of gersan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as
rsan; cf. l. 2691.

l. 2859. B. proposes de rdan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106.

l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf.
Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355.

l. 2871. S. and W. propose wr.--_Beit._ ix. 142.

l. 2873. S. punctuates: wre forwurpe, , etc.

l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding
one with beget.

l. 2879. tgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss.

ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which
describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the
Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their
lord."--Br., p. 56.

l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many
Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7;
and cf. "kith and kin."

l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235.

l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here.

l. 2910. S. proposes higeme, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864
(_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemum a dat. or instr. pl. of an
abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_.
For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446.

l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to
his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106.

l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.

l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures:

    cw he on mergenne      mces ecgum
    gtan wolde,      sumon galgtreowu
    hewan on holte      ond he han on 
    fuglum t gamene.

--_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. gtan = _cause blood to
be shed._

l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to
apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not
necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter.

l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc.
B., K., and Th. read segn Higelces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue
the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests sce, = _pursuit_.

l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod_. (Hunt), l.
130: wyrpton hie wrige.

l. 2989. br is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is
the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61,
62.

l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll.
2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_
and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the
foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand,
answers to the Jutish king Hygelc, who rewards his liegeman, for the
slaying of Ongenthew, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only
daughter's hand."

l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397,
Beowulf kills the Scylfing Edgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus
ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the
Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Mllenh., however, regards l.
3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239.

l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293.

l. 3022. E. quotes:

    "Thai token an harp _gle and game_
    And maked a lai and yaf it name."
                --_Weber_, l. 358.

and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the
minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used
in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."

l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of
a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three
Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57.

l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language.

l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:

    [banan ec fundon      bennum secne
    (n) r h m      gesgan syllcran wiht]
    wyrm on wonge...
             --_Beit._ xii. 372.

Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [r] before gesgan.

l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon.
B. proposes gry[re-fh].

l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the
air_, Ha.

l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld
= the secret place of enchanters; cf. hlsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading,
after A.-S. hlsere, haruspex, augur.

l. 3060. B. suggests gehde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for
gehdde.

ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [dee] hwr onne eorl ellenrof ende
gefre = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_,
etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect
question introduced by hwr and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it
when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among
his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Mllenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered
at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._
xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:

                         Wundra hwt onne,
    eorl ellen-rf,      ende gefre
    lf-gesceafta,      onne leng ne mg (etc.),

in which hwt would = urh hwt at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of
the conjectural vb. wundra: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what
he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live.... So Bewulf
knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and
Ho. join onne to the next line. Or, for hwr read wre: Wundur wre onne
(= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is
virtually Mllenhoff's.

l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen
leoo-crftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and
placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned.
ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."

l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow.
Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Biwulfes
biorh of l. 2808.

l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has
strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_.

l. 3074. H.-So. omits strdan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss.,
referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strdan, q. v.

l. 3075. S. proposes: ns h goldhwtes gearwor hfde, etc., = _Beowulf had
not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads,
goldhwte gearwor hfde, etc., making goldhwte modify st, = _golden
favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view.

l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king
thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109.

l. 3097. B. and S. propose fter wine dedum, = _in memory of the dead
friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144.

l. 3106. The brd gold here possibly includes the i-monna gold of l. 3053
and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brd by _bullion_.

l. 3114. B. supposes folc-gende to be dat. sg. to gdum, referring to
Beowulf.

l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to
fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573.

l. 3120. fs = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in
the Gloss.

ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:

    ede eahta sum      under inwit-hrf
    hilderinca:      sum on handa br, etc.
                            --_Beit._ ix. 144.

l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to eling_c_, the MS. having _e_.

l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke
rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."--
_Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.

l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:

                   ... swgende lc
    wpe bewunden      windblonda lg

(lc from lcan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lc?

l. 3147. Mllenhoff rejected wind-blond gelg because a great fire raises
rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the
flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."

l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally:

    swylce gimor-gyd      sio ge-meowle
    [fter Bewulfe]      bunden-heorde
    [song] sorg-cearig,      sde geneahhe,
    t hi hyre [hearm-]dagas      hearde on [dr]de,
    wlfylla worn,      [w]gendes egesan,
    h[n]o ond hftnd,      hef on rce wealg.
                   --_Beit._ xii. 100.

Here ge-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound
locks;_ hef = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rce wealg is less preferable
than the MS. reading, heofon rce swealg = _heaven swallowed the smoke_.--
H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (gemeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll.
2370, 3017-3021.

l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lfe, for betost, and omits
colon after bcn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224.

l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the
"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions,
chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."

ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:

    woldon gn cwan      [ond] kyning
    wordgyd wrecan      ond ymb wel sprecan.
                   --_Beit._ xii. 112.

l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum.

l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an
Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18.



NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.

The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made
and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i.
192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of
homilies in the Lambeth Library. Mller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the
fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._
xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnf fell, _i.e._ as
described in _Bewulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel
(_Anzeiger f. d. Altert_.), however, calls attention to the fact that
Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Bewulf_, l. 1086, he
is called egn. See H.-So., p. 125.

"The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _Bewulf_ was
composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the
north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the
Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101.

l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory
conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon
flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which
the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration,
"rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight."
--_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor
hor]nas byrna nfre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x.
229.

l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies:

    ac hr for bera      [fyrdsearu rincas,
    flacre flnbogan],      fugelas singa.

He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_,
as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng.
Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while grg-hama is
= _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.

l. 11. hicgea, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod_. l. 218.

l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.

ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Mller and Bugge, Grulf is
one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his
character as Glf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Bewulf_, l. 1149) is a
Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25)
conjectures:

     gyt Gdene      Grulf styrode,
    t h sw frelc feorh      forman se
    t re healle durum      hyrsta ne bre,
    n he na heard      nyman wolde;

in which Gdene is the same as Sigefer, l. 24; h (l. 22) refers to
Grulf; and he (l. 21) to hyrsta.

l. 27. swer = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So.

l. 29. clod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved
board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?

l. 30. B. suggests br-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii.
26.

l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hrw hrfen, wandrode; (2) hwearf
flacra hrw hrfen fram rum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._
xii. 27.

l. 43. B. supposes wund hle to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnf, in
opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded
man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii.
28.

l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhrr = _equipments
useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28.

l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in
battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28.



ADDENDA.

ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-sli and fmi-heals.

ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read m for m.

l. 299. MS. reads gd-fremmendra. So H.-So.

l. 338. Ho. marks wrc- and its group long.

l. 530. Hwt should here probably be printed as an interj., hwt! Cf. ll.
1, 943, 2249.

l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for ns.

The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for
numerous corrections in text and glossary.

l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with sw.




GLOSSARY

A

ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109,
135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3)
in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.

aglca, ahlca, glca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi,
_terror_, + lc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_;
hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433,
593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_;
of Sigemund, 894; of Bewulf: gen. sg. aglcan(?), 1513; of Bewulf and the
drake: nom. pl.  aglcean, 2593.

aglc-wf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's
mother, 1260.

aldor. See ealdor.

al-wealda. See eal-w.

am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_:
nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgr, 336.

ambiht-egn (from ambiht n. officium and egn, which see), _servant,
man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-egne, of Bewulf's servant, 674.

an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at,
upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248.
Elsewhere on, which see.

ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.

ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.

and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39,
40, etc. (See Appendix.)

anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrum on andan, 709,
2315.

and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.

and-htor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. res
and-httres, 2524.

and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up
high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers
Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne dg, 2116, _the whole
day_; andlonge niht, 2939.

and-len, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-,
hond-lean, MS.).

and-risno, st. f. (see rsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be
observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum,
_according to etiquette_, 1797.

and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.

and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times
hond-slyht).

and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an
address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494,
1841.

and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swn ofer helme and-weard
(_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288.

and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690.

an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001.

an-sn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_,
251: ansn wde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect,
appearance_, 929; on-sn, 2773.

an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note.

atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of
Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl.
atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597,
2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.

atelc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelc egesa, 785.




, adv. (Goth, iv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931,
1479:  syan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_,
780.--Comp. n.

d st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. d, 3139; dat. sg. de, 1111, 1115.

d-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on d-fre, 3011.

dl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849.

, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath
of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.

-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_:
nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.

um-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84.

gan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg.
h, 1728; inf. gan, 1089; prt. hte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald,
to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nh hw
sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253.

gen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677.

gend (prs. part. of gan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. gendes, _of
God_, 3076.--Compounds: bld-, bold-, folc-, mgen-gend.

gend-fre, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. gend-fren, 1884.

hsian, ge-hsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret.
part. ge-hsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. hsode, 1207;
pl. hsodon, 423.

ht, st. n. (contracted from -wiht, which see), _something, anything_: ht
cwices, 2315.

n, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative
character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned
before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2)
_one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb
ne niht (_the next night_), 135; urh nes crft, 700; ra num, 1038; n
fter num, _one for the other_ (Hrel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, n
fter eallum, 2269; nes hwt, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se n
leda dugue, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; nes willan,
_for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone,
distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article:
n ... fend, 100; gen. sg. nre bne (or to No.2[?]), 428; n ... draca,
221l--5) gen. pl. nra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; nra
gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; nra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the
dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feum num, _except a few single ones_,
1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form,
145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., na Geta dugue, _alone of the
warriors of the Getas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see
n.--Comp. nn.

n-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. nfealdne
geht, _simple opinion_, 256.

n-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449.

n-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369.

n-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rd-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm
resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.

nga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. ngan dhtor,
375, 2998; ngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. ngan brer, 1263.

n-p, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. npaas, 1411.

n-rd, adj. (cf. under n-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530,
1576.

n-td, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb n-td res dgores,
_about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours),
219.--n stands as in n-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same
disposition_.

nunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635.

r, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784.

r, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: rum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296;
similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. re, 1273,
2607; dat. sg. re, 2379; gen. pl. hwt ... rna, 1188.--Comp. worold-r;
also written r.

r-fst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hnfer (with reference to
588). See fst.

rian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nnegum
ra; of Grendel, 599.

r-stf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid rstafum,
317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for r-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382,
458. See stf.

ter-ter, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. ren ter-terum fh (steel which
is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.

ttor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom.,
2716.

ttor-sceaa, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg.
-sceaan, 2840.

w, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of , which
see), _ever_: w t aldre, _fr ever and ever_, 956.




dre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. [dre.]

ele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Bewulf, 198, 1313; of Bewulf's father,
263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical
sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. elan cynnes, 2235.

eling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the
appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of
Scyld, 33; of Hrgr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bewulf, 1226, 1245, 1597,
1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dghrefn,
2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men:
schere, 1295; Hrgr's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremd's courtiers, 907;
Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bewulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born
in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-eling.

elu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of
noble lineage: acc. pl. elu, 392; dat. pl. cyning elum gd, _the king,
of noble birth_, 1871; elum dire, _worthy on account of noble lineage_,
1950; elum (hleum, MS.), 332.--Comp. fder-elu.

fnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf.
ellen-weorc fnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht fnde,
_perpetrated wrong_, 1255.

ge-fnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. t gefndon
sw, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part.  ws gefned, _the oath was
sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. gefned, 3107. See
efnan.

fter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea
of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341,
1390, 2155.--ic him fter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word
fter cw, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b)
prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; fter
beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; fter
mum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as
proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in
consequence of, conformably to_: fter rihte, _in accordance with right_,
1050, 2111; fter faroe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944,
2180, etc., fter heao-swte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_,
1607; fter wlne, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance
with, on account of, after, about_: fter elum (hleum, MS.)frgn,
_asked about the descent_, 332; ne frin u fter slum, _ask not after my
welfare_, 1323; fter sincgyfan grete, _weeps for the giver of treasure_,
1343; him fter derum men dyrne langa, _longs in secret for the dear
man_, 1880; n fter num, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local),
_along_: fter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945;
shte bed fter brum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the
castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; fter recede wlt, _looked
along the hall_, 1573; stone fter stne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289;
fter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068,
1317, etc.

f-unca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502.

glcea. See aglcea.

led (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. [led.]

led-lema, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. leman, 3126. See lema.

l-fylce (from l-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki,
collective form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl.
wi lfylcum, 2372.

l-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se
l-mihtiga, 92.

l-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. l-wihta
eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.

ppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl.
ppel-fealuwe mearas, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166.

rn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, ry-, win-rn.

sc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Bewulf in this sense), _lance,
spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (qu instr.) scum
and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773.

sc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. sc-holt ufan grg,
_the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330.

sc-wga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg.,
2043.

t, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something,
hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): t he, in _harbor_,
32; t symle, _at the meal_, 81, t de, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115;
t e num, _with thee alone_, 1378; t wge, _in the fight_, 1338; t
hilde, 1660, 2682; t te, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_
(motion to): dees wylm hrn t heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271;
gehton t hrgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175.
c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an
object): geeah t ful t Wealhen, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic
gebd grynna t Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; t mnum fder genam, _took
me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time
of_: t frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; t ende, _at an end_, 224;
fand snne dryhten ealdres t ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791;
similarly, 2823; t feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; t sestan,
_finally_, 3014.

t-grpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270.

t-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658.




dre, dre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Bew.), _vein_ (not in
Bew.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swt drum sprong, _the
blood sprang in streams_, 2967; bld drum dranc, _drank the blood in
streams_(?), 743.

m, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreer me well, _the
breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594.

fen, st. m., _evening_, 1236.

fen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. fen-grom,
of Grendel, 2075.

fen-leht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413.

fen-rst, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -rste, 647, 1253.

fen-sprc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...fen-sprce,
_thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760.

fre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative
sentences, fre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. nfre.

g-hw (O.H.G. o-ga-hwr), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. ghwm, 1385.
The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: ghws
untle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; ghws unrm, _entirely innumerable
quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.

g-hwer (O.H.G. o-ga-hwdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. hfde
ghwer ende gefred, _each of the two_ (Bewulf and the drake) _had
reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. ghwrum ws brga fram rum, _to each
of the two_ (Bewulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg.
ghwres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora
ghwrum, 1637.

g-hwr, adv., _everywhere_, 1060.

g-hwilc (O.H.G. o-gi-hwlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used
as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dl ghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the
partitive genitive: nom. sg. g-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ghwylcum, 1051.
b) without gen.: nom. sg. ghwylc, 985, 988; (ws) ghwylc rum trwe,
_each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166.

g-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. g-wearde, 241.

ht (abstract form from gan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1)
_possession, power_: acc. sg. on fldes ht, 42; on wteres ht, _into the
power of the water_, 516; on ht gehwearf Denigea fren, _passed over into
the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions,
goods_: acc. pl. hte, 2249.--Comp. mm-, gold-ht.

ht (O.H.G. hta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom.  ws ht boden Sweona ledum,
segn Higelce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas,
(their) banner to Hygelc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during
their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelc), 2958.

ge-htan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. gehted,
1866. [gehtan.]

ge-htla, w. m., or ge-htle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high
esteem_: gen. sg. hy ... wyre incea eorla gehtlan, _seem worthy of the
high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [gehtla.]

n (oblique form of n), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. one nne one..., _the
one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle onne on nne s, _much oftener than one
time_, 1580; for onsendon nne, _sent him forth alone_, 46.

ne, adv., _once_: oft nalles ne, 3020.

nig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ...
0nige inga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lyt nig mearn, _little
did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: ns se
folccyning ... nig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. nnig.

n-lc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: nlc ansn,
_distinguished appearance_, 251; eh e hi nlcu s, _though she be
beautiful_, 1942.

r (comparative form, from ): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15,
656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft sw r, _again as
formerly_, 643; r ne sian, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; r and s,
_sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; n  r (_not so much the sooner_),
_yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a)
with the ind.: r hi t setle geng, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: r ge fyr
fran, _before you travel farther_, 252; r he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819;
r on dg cwme, _ere the day break_, 732; r correlative to r adv.: r
he feorh sele, aldor an fre, r he wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather)
_leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3)
prepos. with dat., _before_ r dee, _before death_, 1389; r dges hwle,
_before daybreak_, 2321; r swylt-dge, _before the day of death_, 2799.

ror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655.

rra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., rran mlum, _in former times_,
908, 2238, 3036.

rest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2)
as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. t ic his rest e eft
gesgde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of
mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note.

r-dg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat.
sg. mid rdge, 126; samod rdge, 1312, 2943.

rende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345.

r-fder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. sw his rfder,
2623.

r-gestren, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc
sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela rgestrena, _much of such old treasure_,
2233. See gestren.

r-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta r-geweorc,
_the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's
water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.

r-gd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or
_advantages_: eling rgd, 130; (eorl) rgd, 1330; ren rgd
(_excellent sword_), 990, 2587.

r-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg.
rwelan, 2748. See wela.

s, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. se, of schere's corpse,
1333.

t, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., h him t te spew, _how he fared well
at meat_, 3027.

ttren (see ttor), adj., _poisonous_: ws t bld t s ht, ttren
ellorgst, se r inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the
demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618


B

bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan
Ongenewes, of Hygelc, although in reality his men slew Ongenew (2965
ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne ws ecg bona, 2507; wear
wracu Weohstnes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gst-, hand-, m-bana.

bon-gr, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032.

ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command,
to bid_: inf., 74.

bd, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nd-bd.

bn, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bne (on the bony skin of the drake),
2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefng biteran bnum (here of the teeth of the
drake), 2693.

bn-cfa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cfan,
1446.

bn-fg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of
bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrgr's hall,
781. The last meaning seems the more probable.

bn-ft, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bn-fatu, 1117.

bn-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire
wi halse ... bnhringas brc (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568.

bn-hs, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bnhs gebrc, 2509;
similarly, 3148.

bn-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bt
bnlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bnlocan, _the body burst_
(of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.

bt, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. s-bt.

bt-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat.
sg. -wearde, 1901.

b, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes b, _over the diver's bath_
(i.e. the sea), 1862.

brnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. ht ... bnfatu brnan,
_bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu brnan,
_began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314.

for-brnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hy hine ne mston ...
brondefor-brnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead
schere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127.

bdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bdde
byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

ge-bdan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebded, _distressed
by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send
forth_: strla storm strengum gebded, _the storm of arrows sent with
strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebded, _the dragon ...
overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827.

bl (O.N. bl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid ble fr, _passed
(through the air) with fire_, 2309; hfde landwara lge befangan, ble and
bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the
funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; r he bl cure, _ere he
sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hta ... hlw gewyrcean ... fter
ble, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Bewulf's
words), 2804.

bl-fr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. blfra
mst, 3144.

bl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bl=stede,
3098.

bl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113.

br, st. f., _bier_, 3106.

ge-bran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrgen
ic  mge ... sl gebran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself
better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eoran geseah one
lefestan lfes t ende blete gebran, _saw the best-beloved upon the
earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless
situation), 2825.

ge-btan (denominative from bte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in
the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part.  ws Hrgre hors
gebted, 1400.

be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one
direction, as t, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_
(rest): be dlfe uppe lgon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_
(upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hfde be honda, _held by the
hand_ (Bewulf held Grendel), 815; be sm tweonum, _in the circuit of both
the seas_, 859, 1686; be mste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fre, _by the
fire_, 2220; be nsse, _at the promontory_, 2244; st be m gebrrum
twm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; ws se gryre lssa efne sw micle
sw bi mga crft be wpnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is
the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2)
also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object,
_on, upon, by_: gefng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; ldon
lefne eden be mste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse
genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wpen hafenade be
hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is
connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic is gid
be e wrc, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; 
e lr be on, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fder lre,
_according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_:
be e lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See b.

bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792;
dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: dea-, hlin-, lger-, moror-, wl-bed.

ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde scan ewn t gebeddan,
_wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_,
666.--Comp. heals-gebedde.

begen, fem. b, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on b healfa,
_on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bm, 2197; and
in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, rum
bm, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwres, _each one of the two_,
1044; bega folces, of _both peoples_, 1125.

ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_:
w. dat. (pret. subj.) t he cean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had
bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540;
(gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original
meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.

-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc.  t hyne n bealh mon on mde,
_till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. bolgen, 724.

ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.

benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189,
1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.

benc-swg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the
benches_, 1162.

benc-el, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches
stand_: nom. pl. benc-elu, 486; acc. pl. bencelu beredon, _cleared the
bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches),
1240.

bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_,
1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fr-, hell-, hyge-, ren-, oncer-,
searo-, wl-bend.

ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato,
1122.

bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera.

beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byre, 296, 448; one
mum byre, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj.
bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; hht  se
hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran,
2153; pret. br, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne br fted wge, _brought
the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bron, 213, 1636, etc.; bran, 2851;
pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic
paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: t we rondas beren eft t earde,
2654; gewta for beran wpen and gewdu, 291; ic gefrgn sunu Wihstnes
hringnet beran, 2755; wgheafolan br, 2662; helmas bron, 240
(conjecture); scyldas bran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of
the man with his weapons.

t-beran, _to carry to_: inf. t beadulce (_battle_) tberan, 1562; pret.
 hine on morgentd on Heaormas holm up tbr, _the sea bore him up to
the Heaormas_, 519; hi Bewulfe medoful tbr _brought Bewulf the
mead-cup_, 625; mgenbyrenne ... hider t tbr cyninge mnum, _bore the
great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. h hyne tbron t brimes
faroe, 28.

for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. t he one brestwylm forberan ne
mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878.

ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. t l mg secgan se e
s and riht freme on folce ... t es eorl wre geboren betera (_that
may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_),
1704.

-beran, _to bring hither_: pret.  mec s br on Finna land, 579.

on-beran (O.H.G. in bran, intpran, but in the sense of carere), auferre,
_to carry off, to take away_: inf. ren rgd t s ahlcan bldge
beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody
hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (ws) onboren bega hord, _the
treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the
pres. part.: helm-, swl-berend.

berian (denominative from br, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_:
pret. pl. bencelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the
benches), 1240.

berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bnlocan, 819;
bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras
burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Bewulf's gripe), 761.

for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Ngling forbrst, _Ngling_
(Bewulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681.

betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.

bet-lc, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hrgr's hall, 781;
of Hygelc's residence, 1926.

betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca,
1110; neut. nu is fost betost, t we ..., _now is haste the best, that
we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrda betst, 453;
acc. sg. m. egn betstan, 1872.

bcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon
beadu-rfes bcn (of Bewulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.

bg. See beg.

bn, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bne, 428, 2285.

bna, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. sw u bna eart (_as thou
entreatest_), 352; sw he bna ws (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hy
bnan synt, 364.

ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac u Hrgre wdcne wen
wihte gebttest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hrgr of the evil known
afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce once ealle gebtte, _removed
all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on am feorhbonan
fhe gebtan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466.

beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in
combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bd beadwa ge-inges, _waited for the combats_
(with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710.

beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.

beado-grma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grman, 2258.

beado-hrgl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552.

beadu-lc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat.
sg. t beadu-lce, 1562.

beado-lema, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524.

beado-mce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mcas, 1455.

beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca,
1110.

beadu-rf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rfes, of Bewulf, 3162.

beadu-rn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rne, _solved
the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.

beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705.

beadu-scrd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl.
beaduscrda betst, 453.

beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg.
brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings),
2756.

beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh
beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300.

beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald.

bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode gdum ddum
(_through brave deeds_), 2178.

bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia
bealdor, 2568.

bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl.
bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-,
hreer-, led-, moror-, niht-, sweord-, wg-bealu.

bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sr hafa befongen
balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978.

bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266.

bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_:
gen. pl. ghwrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.

bealo-hydig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of Grendel,
724.

bealo-n, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg.,
2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh e one bealon, _beware of
destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on
brestum bealo-n well, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the
dragon's poison), 2715.

bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom.
sg. egena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeton,
ghorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432.

bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc.
sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan
bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because
things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on
bearm licgan, lecgan); dat. sg. him t bearme cwom mumft mre, _came
into his possession_, 2405.

bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.;
Ecglfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat.
pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_:
nom. sg. Ongenew's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn,
70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; hlea bearn, 1190; elinga
bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150;
gen. pl. nia bearna, 1006.--Comp.: bror-, dryht-bearn.

bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. t hyre ealdmetod
ste wre bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a
son_ (i.e. as Bewulf), 947.

bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree,
especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl.
hrmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364.

becen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht becen godes, _of
the sun_, 570; gen. pl. becna beorhtost, 2778. See bcn.

ge-becnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-becnod, 140.

beg, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. beh (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg.
beh (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaobeardnas), 2042; bg
(collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom Wealhe for gn under
gyldnum bege, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden
diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. beges (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. begas (rings
in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bega, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.--
Comp.: earm-, heals-beg.

beg-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan,
1103.

beg-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg.
beghroden, cwn, of Hrgr's consort, perhaps with reference to her
diadem (cf. 1164), 624.

beh-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg.
beh-hordes, 895; dat. pl. beh-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. beh-horda weard, of
King Hrgr, 922.

beh-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_:
nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.

beh-egu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. fter beh-ege,
2177.

beh-wria, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the
form of a band: acc. sg. beh-wrian, 2019.

bem, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gle-bem.

betan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede bete, _the
steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with
his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-beten, _died, struck by the
battle-axe_, 2360.

beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges,
2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg.
biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat
(cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp.
stn-beorh.

beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. hefod-beorh.

beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to
shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294;
here-byrne ... se e bncfan beorgan ce, _which could protect his
body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.

be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care,
to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep
himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh e one bealont, 1759.

ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_:
pret. sg. t gebearh feore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wel gebearg
lfe and lce, 2571.

ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring tan ymb-bearh,
1504.

beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg.
beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; t beorhte bold,
998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bewulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. t re
byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frtwe, 214, 897;
beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314.
Superl.: becna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg.
beorhtre bte, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.

beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518.

beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swg, 1162.

beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hrgr), 1881,
(Bewulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bew.), 1025, (schere), 1300; dat. sg.
beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bewulf and his companions), 211,
(Hrgr's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bewulf's liege-men),
2405.--Comp.: folc-, g-beorn.

beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake),
2273.--Comp. un-byrnende.

for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668;
for-born, 2673.

ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698.

beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as
voc.), 2149.

bedan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. bidan,
2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in
direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geingo
budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part.  ws ht boden
Sweona ledum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic
m gdan sceal mmas bedan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_,
385.

-bedan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne bed, _made known the
words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hl bed,
_wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hlo bed, 2419; eoton
weard bed, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669.

be-bedan, _to command, to order_: pret. sw him se hearda bebed, _as the
strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, sw se rca bebed, 1976.

ge-bedan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. ht  gebedan byre Wihstnes
hlea monegum, t hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given
to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebed hord and
rce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. ge
gebedan, _to offer battle_, 604.

bed-genet, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. genetas, 343,
1714.

ben, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I.
ggeweorca ic be gearo sna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike
deeds_, 1826; sg. III. w bi m e sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183;
so, 186; gifee bi is given, 299; ne bi e wilna gd (_no wish will be
denied thee_), 661; r e bi manna earf, _if thou shalt need the
warriors_, 1836; ne bi swylc cwnlc ew, _is not becoming, honorable to
a woman_, 1941; eft sna bi _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768,
etc.; pl. onne bi brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor ce be
slran geshte am e..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei
qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. be (bi) u on feste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748;
be wi Getas gld, _be gracious to the Getas_, 1174.

ber, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. t bere, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr.
sg. bere druncen, 531; bere druncne, 480.

ber-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl.
ber-scealca sum (one of Hrgr's followers, because they served the
Getas at meals), 1241.

ber-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in
(on) bersele, 482, 492, 1095; birsele, 2636.

ber-egu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. fter berege,
117; t re berege, 618.

bet, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be
undertaken_: acc. sg. he bet ne lh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; bet
eal ... gelste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.

ge-betian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's
self_: pret. gebetedon, 480, 536.

bet-word, st. n., same as bet: dat. pl. bet-wordum sprc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. d sw ic bidde!
1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic e
biddan wille nre bne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. sw he selfa bd,
_as he himself had requested_, 29; bd hine blne (supply wesan) t re
berege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic e lange
bd t u..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioowre bd
hlford snne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of
thing), 2283; bd t ge geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum
bdon t..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lta hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda
geinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay
the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558;
instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40;
gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: g-, hilde-, wg-bil.

bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the
bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound
with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold
chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg.
heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. r ic ffe geband, _where I had bound
five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges egn word er fand se gebunden, _the
king's man found_ (after many had already praised Bewulf's deed) _other
words_ (also referring to Bewulf, but in connection with Sigemund)
_rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming
to a gid, 872; wundenml wrttum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_,
i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel
gwga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed),
2112.

on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. s-gebind.

bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite
rena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. fter billes bite, 2061.--Comp.
l-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting
in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strle,
1747; instr. pl. biteran bnum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated,
furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.

b, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near,
at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): b sm twenum, _in the circuit of
both seas_, 1957; rs b ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539;
b wealle gest, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big
stdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_
(motion): hwearf  b bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geng
b sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.

bd (see bdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: r wear Ongeni on bd
wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.

bdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. n on
wealle leng bdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the
drake), 2309; pret. in strum bd, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota
stille bd, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on m se rca bd,
_where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; r se snottra bd, _where the wise man_
(Hrgr) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bd, _he_ (Bewulf) _stood there
armed_, 2569; ic on earde bd mlgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground
the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume r bidon, _some
remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of
that which is awaited: inf. bdan woldon Grendles ge, _wished to await
the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wges
bdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bdan wolde, _would await
no answer_, 1495; pret. bd beadwa geinges, _awaited the event of the
battle_, 710; sgenga bd gend-fren, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its
owner_, 1883; sele ... heaowylma bd, lan lges (the poet probably means
to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a
fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but
which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

-bdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebde ge on beorge, _wait ye on the
mountain_, 2530; pret. part. eh e wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden
hbbe Hrees dhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in
the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w.
acc.): inf. sceal endedg mnne gebdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne
wnde ... bte gebdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935;
fela sceal gebdan lefes and les, _experience much good and much
affliction_, 1061; ende gebdan, 1387, 2343; pret. he s frfre gebd,
_received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebd wintra worn,
_lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930,
1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. t gebdanne res yrfeweardes, _to await
another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. t gebdanne t his byre
rde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_,
2446; pret. drem-les gebd t he..., _joyless he experienced it, that
he_..., 1721; s e ic on aldre gebd t ic..., _for this, that I, in my
old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.

on-bdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbd earfolce  t fen
cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.

btan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. btan, 1455, 1524;
pret. bt bnlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bt unswor, _cut
with less force_ (Bewulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much
of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.:
sund-, -geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair,
_gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792;
blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe,
1595.

blc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blcne leman, _a brilliant
gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblc.

bld, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. ws hira bld scacen
(of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay
slain, 1125; nu is nes mgnes bld ne hwle, _now the fulness of thy
strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with
stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. bld, 18;
(n) bld is rred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.

bld-gend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. bld-gende, 1014.

bld-fst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg.
bldfstne beorn (of schere, with reference to 1329), 1300.

blet, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wl-blet.

blete, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.

blcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222

ble, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blne, 618.--2)
_gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. ble, 436.--Comp. un-ble.

bl-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.

bld, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blde, 848;
fter derum men him langa beorn wi blde, _the hero_ (Hrgr) _longs
for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is
not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blde, 486, 935, 1595,
etc.

bld-fg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.

bldig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. bldge, 991; acc. sg. n. bldig, 448;
instr. sg. bldigan gre, 2441.

ge-bldian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part.
ge-bldegod, 2693.

bldig-t, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona bldig-t (of
Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

bld-rew, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhe
grew brest-hord bld-rew, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty
feeling_, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret.
hrefn blaca heofones wynne bl-heort bodode, _the black raven announced
joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp.
hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. fln-, horn-boga;
bow of the arch, in comp. stn-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks
which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan,
231.

bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998;
(Hygelc's residence), 1926; (Bewulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp.
fold-bold.

bold-gend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum
boldgendra, 3113.

bolgen-md, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brded
wear beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_,
1241.--Comp. hler-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, rd-,
wg-bora.

bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda
gebrc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wg-bord.

bord-hbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. hbbende,
2896.

bord-hrea, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its
cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrean, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu,
1244.

botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. t botme (here of the bottom of the
fen-lake), 1507.

bt (emendation, cf. btan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281;
acc. sg. bte, 935; acc. sg. bte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a
giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg.  sceal brond fretan
(_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mston ... bronde
forbrnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; hfde
landwara lge befangen, ble and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_,
2323.--2) in the passage, t hine n brond ne beadomcas btan ne meahton,
1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r).
The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old
helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were
mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the
helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in
the passage, forgeaf  Bewulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our
text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be
intended as a designation of Hrgr (perhaps _son_), has not up to this
time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves:
acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brd, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brde rce, 2208.--2) _broad_:
nom. sg. heh and brd (of Bewulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brdne
mce, 2979; (seax) brd [and] brnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright
edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brd gold, 3106.

ge-brc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebrc, 2260.

geond-brdan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part.
geond-brded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bnhringas brc,
(the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. t r
nig mon wre ne brce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101;
pret. part. onne bi brocene ... -sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of
the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon
something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sder monig hildetuxum
heresyrcan brc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the
shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it
was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah
... strem t brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_,
2547; lt se hearda Higelces egn brdne mce ... brecan ofer bordweal,
_caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4)
figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt brc, _curiosity
tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bnhs gebrc, _broke in pieces his
body_ (Bewulf in combat with Dghrefn), 2509.

t-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. t-brocen, 998.

urh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord bresthord urh-brc,
_the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out
from his breast, 2793.

brec, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. mdes breca
(_sorrow of heart_), 171.

-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret.
bredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf.
under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of
shadows_, 708; pret. brgd ealde lfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brgd
feorh-genlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her
down, 1540; pl. git egorstrem ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with
your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part.
broden (brogden) ml, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot,
to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet rum bregdan, _to weave a
waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for
another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrgl broden, _a
woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together),
552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up -brd, _swung, raised his hand_,
2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-ml gebrgd, _swung the ringed sword_,
1565; eald sweord ecen ... t ic  wpne gebrgd, _an old heavy sword
that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc.
wllseaxe gebrd, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the
sheath_: sweord r gebrd, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to
knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444.

on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbrd  recedes man,
_had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because
the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m.,
1926.

brego-stl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him
gesealde seofon sendo, bold and brego-stl, _seven thousand_ see under
sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; r him Hygd
gebed ... brego-stl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lt
one bregostl Bewulf healdan, _gave over to Bewulf the chief power_ (did
not prevent Bewulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

-bretan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. bret
brimwsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hcyn), 2931. See bretan.

brest, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc.
t mne brest were, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrgl
broden on brestum lg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart,
the bosom_: nom. sg. brest innan well estrum geoncum, _his breast
heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lt  of brestum word t
faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.

brest-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl.
-gehygdum, 2819.

brest-gewdu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_,
of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

brest-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast,
heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

brest-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom.
sg. brest-net broden, 1549.

brest-weorung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg.
brest-weorunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bewulf receives
from Wealhew (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173,
presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her
husband Hygelc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frtwe),
which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brest-weorung.

brest-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc.
sg, 1878.

bretan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. bret
bedgenetas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.

-bretan, same as above: pret. one e he on rste bret, _whom she
killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part.  t monige gewear, t hine
se brimwylf broten hfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's
mother) _had killed him_, 1600; h hyne ... broten hfdon, _had killed
him_ (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. t brimes
faroe, _to the sea_, 28; t brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804;
nom. pl. brimu swaredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu,
222.

brim-ld, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. ra e mid Bewulfe
brimlde teh, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.

brim-lend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -lende, 568.

brim-strem, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer
brim-stremas, 1911.

brim-wsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwsan, of Hcyn, king of the
Getas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg.
se brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic e senda egna
bringe t helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830;
inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heu bringan lc and luftcen, _shall bring
gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505;
pret. pl. we s slc ... brhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's
head), 1654.

ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. at we one gebringan ... on
dfre, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs.
sg. III. herepd ... brosna fter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to
pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.

bror, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brer, 1263; gen.
sg. his bror bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. st be m gebrrum twm,
_sat by the two brothers_, 1192.

brga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa
brgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brga.

brcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se e longe
her worolde brce, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives
long, 1063; imp. brc manigra mda, _make use of many rewards, give good
rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. t he behhordes brcan mste, _could
enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brec
lfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954.
With the genitive to be supplied: brec onne mste, 1488; imp. brc isses
beges, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends
the form of the wish, wel brcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf.
ht hine wel brcan, 1046; ht hine brcan well, 2813; imp. brc ealles
well, 2163.

brn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. si ecg brn, 2579.

brn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brd
[and] brnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.

brn-fg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brnfgne helm, 2616.

bryne-lema, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg.,
2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. bretan), w. v., _to
bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e.
ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg.
sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. bega bryttan, 35, 352, 1488;
sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg.
III. god manna cynne snyttru brytta, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_,
1727.

brd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brd, 2931; brde, 2957, both
times of the consort of Ongenew (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of
Hrgr's daughter, Freware, 2032.

brd-br, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of
brdbre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which,
according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_:
nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc.
pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523;
dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: fre,
freoo-, he-, hle-, hord-, led-, mg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the
castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city
stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. enden
he burh-welan brcan mste, 3101.

burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. re burnan wlm, _the bubbling of
the spring_, 2547.

ban, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif he weard onfunde
ban on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_,
2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld ban, _to inhabit the
mead-house_, 3066.

ge-ban, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hen
hses, h hit Hring Dene fter berege gebn hfdon, _how the Danes, after
their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it),
117.--With the pres. part. bend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-,
lond-bend.

bgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III.
bon-gr bge, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned
down, it rests, 2032; inf. t se byrnwga bgan sceolde, _that the armed
hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly,
2975; pret. sg. beh eft under eorweall, _turned, fled again behind the
earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon t bence, _turned to the bench_, 327,
1014; hy on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.

-bgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle beg medubenc
monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.

be-bgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. sw (_which_) wter
bebge, 93; efne sw sde sw s bebge windige weallas, _as far as the
sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.

ge-bgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: he on flet gebeh,
_sank on the floor_, 1541;  gebeh cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; 
se wyrm gebeh snde tsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_),
2568; gewt  gebogen scran t, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake),
2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste
gebeh, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebeg, 1242.

br, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. brum,
140.--Comp. brd-br.

btan, bton (from be and tan, hence in its meaning referring to what is
without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: btan his
lc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: bton
hit ws mre onne nig mon er t beadulce tberan meahte, _but it_ (the
sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561.
After a preceding negative verb, _except_: ra e gumena bearn gearwe ne
wiston bton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at
all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he mm-hta m bton
one hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head
alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: bton folcscare, 73; bton e,
658; ealle bton num, 706.

bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne ws t gewrixle til t hie on b
healfa bicgan scoldon frenda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that
they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay
with the lives of their friends_, 1306.

be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nu ic on mma hord mne bebohte frde
feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.

ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. n r nige ...
frfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his,
MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes
feore begas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to
brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. sw he Fresena cyn on bersele byldan wolde (by
distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd
hruron gre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg.,
2661.

byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl.
byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bdde byre
geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

byren, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mgen-byren.

byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. led-gebyrgea.

byrht. See _beorht_.

byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.;
hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg.
byrnan, 1023, etc.; sde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde
byrnan, 2616; hre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on
byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e.
the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum,
_with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: g-, here-, heao-, ren-,
sern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu,
281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds lf-bysig, syn-bysig.

bme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. bman
gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.

bwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf.  e beado-grman bwan
sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.


C

camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Bewulf's
with Dghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun,
1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. ele cempa, 1313; Geta
cempa, 1552; re cempa, 1586; mre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa,
2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hga cempan,
2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne sw hwylc mga sw one magan
cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. m eafera ws fter cenned,
_to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal
one's self_: imp. cen ec mid crfte, _prove yourself by your strength_,
1220.

-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. n hie fder cunnon, hwer him nig ws
r cenned dyrnra gsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know
his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born
to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cnu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cnu, 2697.

cne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl.,
acc. pl. cnoste, 206.--Comp.: dd-, gr-cne.

ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde stremas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum
cearsum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera
cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs.
sg. III. n ymb his lf ceara, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.

cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-s, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e.
a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsum (of Bewulf's expeditions against
Edgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg.
[ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, g-, ml-, md-cearu.

cear-wlm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat.
pl. fter cear-wlmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl.  cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-bend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a
castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-bendum, of those established in Hrgr's
castle, 769.

cep, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. ns t e
cep, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. eh e er hit ealdre
gebohte, heardan cepe, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear
purchase_, 2483.

ge-cepian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrme grimme gecepod,
_gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Bewulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and
instr. of the thing): pret. hine  hefde becearf, _cut off his head_,
1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909;
dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrel), 2445; so, ealdum
ceorle, of King Ongenew, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202,
416, 1592.

cel, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg.
cel, 38, 238; gen. sg. celes, 1807.

cesan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. one cynedm cisan
wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. r he
bl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.

ge-cesan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, t gecesenne cyning nigne
(slran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. e t slre ge-ces,
_choose thee the better_ (of two: bealon and ce rdas), 1759; pret. he
sic on herge geces t yssum sifate, _selected us among the soldiers for
this undertaking_, 2639; geces cne rd, _chose the everlasting gain_,
i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leht geces, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl.
hfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... s wealdendes
[willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858;
pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; yder oncirde, _turned thither_,
2971.

-cgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. cgde of corre cyninges egnas
syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat.
pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible
claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Geta clifu,
1912.--Comp.: brim-, g-, holm-, stn-clif.

ge-cnwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht u, mn wine, mce
gecnwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.

on-cnwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncniw mannes reorde,
_distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.

cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. yssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_
(Hrgr's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine
ce cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit t
gecwdon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. onne
... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other,
stormed_ (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferh, -fer, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon
thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others,
high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferh, of Bewulf, 1807; collen-fer, of
Wglf, 2786.

corer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg.  ws ...
Fin slgen, cyning on corre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_
(of warriors), 1154; of corre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_,
3122.

costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) he mn costode, _tried me_, 2085.

cfa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bn-cfa.

cl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas clran wura, _the waves of sorrow
become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wflufan ... clran
weora, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.

crft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical
strength_: nom. sg. mga crft, 1284; acc. sg. mgenes crft, 418; urh
nes crft, 700; crft and cnu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. crfte, 983,
1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum
crfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan crfte, 2291; efes
crfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. defles crftum, _by devil's
art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda crft,
2223.--Comp.: leoo-, mgen-, nearo-, wg-crft.

crftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoes crftig, 1467; na
crftig, 1963. Comp. wg-crftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp.
lagu-crftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. ecen-crftig.

cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of
those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wl crunge, _would sink into death,
would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his
shield_, 1210; t wge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; he on flet
gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single
combat_, 2506.

cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.:
cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf u on weg cymest, _if thou
comest from there_, 1383; III. cyme, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23;
pl. onne we t cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281,
1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419,
2915; pret. subj. sg. cwme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361.
Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com sian,
721; com in gn, 1645; cwom gn, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cwmon ldan, 239;
cwmon scean, 268; cwman scran, 651, etc. [pret. cm, etc.]

be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syan niht becom,
_after the night had come_, 115; e on  lede becom, _that had come over
the people_, 192;  he t hm becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn
in becom ... hlynnan under hrne stn, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hmes
nisan, 2366;  t ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of
pers.:  hyne si rag becwom, _when this time of battle came over him_,
2884.

ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret.  he one fend ofercwom,
_thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hie fend heora ... ofercmon,
700; pret. part. (w. gen.) na ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp.
hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or
depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mnne can gldne Hrulf t he ... wile,
_I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard git ne const,
_thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. he t wyrse ne con, _knows no
worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_,
2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrnan scra, _men do not know
whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine ce, _knew him_, 372; ce he dugu
ew, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the
acc., 2013; seolfa ne ce urh hwt..., _he himself did not know through
what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne con, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234.
With both (acc. and depend. clause): n hie fder cunnon (scil. n hie
cunnon) hwer him nig ws r cenned dyrnra gsta, 1356.--2) with inf.
following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend
himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg.
ce reccan, 90; beorgan ce, 1446; pret. pl. hrian ne con, _could not
praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan ce, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund
cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan
higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode,
_tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the
flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

c, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne c,
150, 410; wde c, 2924; acc. sg. fern. ce folme, 1304; ce strte,
1635; nom. pl. ecge ce, 1146; acc. pl. ce nssas, 1913.--2) _renowned_:
nom. sg. gum c, 2179; nom. pl. cystum ce, 868.--3) also, _friendly,
dear, good_ (see un-c).--Comp.: un-, wd-c.

c-lce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. n her clcor cuman ongunnon
lind-hbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_
(the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. de-cwalu.

cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret.
cwehte mgen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.

cwean, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwi t
bere, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word fter cw,
315; fe worda cw, 2247, 2663.--c) with t following: pret. sg. cw,
92, 2159; pl. cwdon, 3182.--d) with t omitted: pret. cw he g-cyning
scean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811,
2940.

-cwean, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. t word cwy, _speaks the
word_, 2047; pret. t word cw, 655.

ge-cwean, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. sw u gecwde,
2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecw, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit
t gecwdon, 535.--c) w. t following: pret. gecw, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. u
Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (he) wyrm cwealde, 887; one e Grendel r
mne cwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn
cwealde, 2122.

cwn, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwn, 62;
(Hrgr's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen:
nom. sg. beghroden cwn (Wealhew), 624; mru cwn, 2017; fremu folces
cwn (ryo), 1933; acc. sg. cwn (Wealhew), 666.-Comp. folc-cwn.

cwn-lc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bi swylc cwnlc ew
(_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. one cwealm
gewrc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mndon mondryhtnes
cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, de-,
gr-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates
murder_: acc. sg. one cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793,
2786; gen. sg. ht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98;
cwico ws  gena, _was still alive_, 3094.

cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hle-, or-
[non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide.

cwan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... giogue
cwan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of
his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwan, _lament their cares_, 3173.

cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan ewre cyme syndon, _whence
your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.

cymlce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cymlcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage:
nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena
cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811,
915, 1726; ewrum (of those who desert Bewulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen.
sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mran cynnes, 1730; lan cynnes,
2009, 2355; sses cynnes Wgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum,
98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of
etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning,
620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl.
kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eor-, folc-, gu-, heh-,
led-, s-, s-, ed-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom.
pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste  cyning ... egen betstan,
_kissed the best thane_ (Bewulf), 1871.

cyst (_choosing_, see cesan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing,
good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. renna cyst, _of the swords_, 803,
1698; wpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. rena
cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum ce, _known through excellent
qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum geced, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

c. See on-c.

can (see c), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg.
mgen-ellen c, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu can,
1941; ellen can, 2696.

ge-can (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_:
inf. andsware gecan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, t gecanne hwanan
ewre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. s is
geced t ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be
true), 701; Higelce ws s Bewulfes snde geced, _the arrival of B.
was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in
pret. part.: ws mn fder folcum geced (_my father was known to
warriors_), 262; ws his mdsefa manegum geced, 349; cystum geced, 924.

cu (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f.,
_home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cu. [should be c, feor-c--KTH]

ge-cpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. ns him nig earf t he ... urfe
wyrsan wgfrecan weore gecpan, _had need to buy with treasures no
inferior warrior_, 2497.


D

daro, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareum lcan (_to fight_), 2849.

ge-dl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedl, _his
separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lf-gedl.

dg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. dg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dg, 2400;
andlangne dg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne dg (_the whole
morning_), 2895;  dmes dg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on m
dge ysses lfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dges, 1601,
2321; hwl dges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; dges and nihtes, _day
and night_, 2270; dges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, _in ten
days_, 3161.--Comp. r-, de-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, ger-, ln-, lf-,
swylt-, win-dg, an-dges.

dg-hwl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. t he dghwla gedrogen hfde
eoran wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_
(appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)

dg-rm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dgera
dgrm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.

dd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. derlce dd, 585; dmlesan dd,
2891; frcne dde, 890; dd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dda, 195; gen. pl.
dda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. ddum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-,
fyren-, lof-dd.

dd-cne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dd-cne mon, 1646.

dd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel,
275.

ddla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mn-for-ddla.

dl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl.
dlas, 1733.--Often dl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality
which belongs in general to an individual, as,  t him on innan
oferhygda dl weaxe, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance
increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Biwulfe
wear dryhtmma dl dee, forgolden, _to Bewulf his part of the splendid
treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were
allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the
dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dlan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg.
III. mdmas dle, 1757; pres. subj. t he wi aglcean eofoo dle, _that
he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the
drake), 2535; inf. hringas dlan, 1971; pret. begas dlde, 80; sceattas
dlde, 1687.

be-dlan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret.
part. dremum (dreme) bedled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of
Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dlan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_);
br on innan eall gedlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde,
_distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2)
_to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedlan lf wi lce,
_separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. t he gedlde ... nra
gehwylces lf wi lce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. s wyrmes
denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewt dennes nisian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. sw hit
gedfe ws (bi), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good,
kind, friendly_; nom sg. be u suna mnum ddum gedfe, _be friendly to my
son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained
to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dfelce.

dman (see dm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mro
dme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his
ellenweorc duguum dmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_,
3176.

dmend, _judge_: dda dmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. ryum dealle,
494.

ded, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dedne, 1310.

de, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, de, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. de,
2169; dat. sg. dee, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dees
wylm, 2270; dees nd, 2455.--Comp. g-, wl-, wundor-de.

de-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. de-bedde fst, 2902.

de-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. t
de-cwalum, 1713.

de-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.

de-dg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. fter de-dge (_after
his death_), 187, 886.

de-fge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) de-fge deg,
_had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.

de-sca, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg.
deorc de-sca (of Grendel), 160.

de-wrig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. de-wrigne,
2126. See wrig.

de-wc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewt dewc
sen (_had died_), 1276.

degan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to
hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) deg, 851.--Leo.

deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat.
pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc
de-sca, 160.

defol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. defles, 2089; gen. pl. defla, of
Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

degol, dgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information,
unknown_: nom. sg. degol ddhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dgel lond,
_inaccessible land_, 1358.

dep, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.

dep, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. dep wter, 509, 1905.

dipe, adj., _deep_: hit  dmes dg dipe benemdon ednas mre, _the
illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a
solemn spell upon it_, 3070.

der, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, s-der.

der, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dir dd-fruma (of Grendel),
2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nnig ... der, 1934.--Comp.: heau-,
hilde-der.

dere, dre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dre ren,
2051; drincft dre (dere), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deran sweorde, 561;
dat. sg. derum mme, 1529; nom. pl. dre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dere
(dre) mmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., elum
dire, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. fter derum men, 1880;
gen. sg. derre dugue, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldoregn one derestan,
1310.

der-lc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. derlce dd, 585. See der.

disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dgan. See ge-dgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless
audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-lc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mst ... dda dollcra, 2647.

dol-sceaa, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. one dol-scaan (Grendel), 479.

dgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ntd
res dgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-leht res
dgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual
sense: acc. sg. n. ys dgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr.  dgore,
1798; forman dgore, 2574; gen. pl. dgora gehwm, 88; dgra gehwylce,
1091; dgera dgrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life),
824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dgrum, _in
later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dgor.

dgor-germ, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. ws eall sceacen
dgor-germes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.

dhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982,
etc.

dm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-,
wis-dm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial
opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dme, _according to the judgment of the
Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: fter dme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3)
_court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dmes, 979;  dmes dg, 3070, both
times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_,
hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on snne sylfes dm, _according to
his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dme, 896, 2777. 5) _might,
power_: nom. sg. dm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores nne dm, 2965; dat. sg.
drihtnes dme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dm], 955; dm
unlytel, _not a little glory_, 886; t ws forma s derum mme t his
dm lg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting)
_that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic me dm gewyrce, _make
renown for myself_, 1492; t u ne lte dm gedresan, _that thou let not
honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. r he dme forles, _here he lost his
reputation_, 1471; dme gewurad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg.
wyrce se e mte dmes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_,
1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. s-fstra dm, _the glory of the
saints_, 2821.

dm-les, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dmlesan
dd, 2891.

dn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. d sw ic
bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. ht hire selfre sunu on bl
dn, 1117; pret.  he him of dyde sernbyrnan, _took off the iron
corselet_, 672; (onne) him Hnlfing, ... billa slest, on bearm dyde,
_when he made a present to him of Hnlfing, the best of swords_, 1145;
dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_,
2810; ne him s wyrmes wg for wiht dyde, eafo and ellen, _nor did he
reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi
on beorg dydon bg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and
ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. t Getum sprec
mildum wordum! sw sceal man dn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly,
1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weld, sw he nu git d, _the creator ruled
over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.)
1135; pret. II. sw u r dydest, 1677; III. sw he nu gyt dyde, 957;
similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. sw hie oft r dydon, 1239; similarly,
3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wn' ic t he
wille ... Getena lede etan unforhte, sw he oft dyde mgen Hrmanna, _I
believe he will wish to devour the Get people, the fearless, as he often
did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrmen_, 444; gif ic t gefricge ...
t ec ymbesittend egesan wa, sw ec hetende hwlum dydon, _that the
neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed),
1829; gif ic wihte mg nre md-lufan mran tilian onne ic gyt dyde, _if
I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825;
similarly, pl. onne  dydon, 44.

ge-dn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god)
ged him sw gewealdene worolde dlas, _makes the parts of the world_
(i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. ne hyne on
medo-bence micles wyrne drihten wereda gedn wolde, _nor would the leader
of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec
r on innan ... gedn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.

draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403,
3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eor-, fr-, lg-, lg-,
n-draca.

on-drdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to
be afraid of_: inf. t u him on-drdan ne earft ... aldorbealu, _needest
not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. n he him  scce ondrd, _was not
afraid of the combat_, 2348.

ge-drg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_:
acc. sg. scan defla gedrg, 757.

drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferh-genlan,
2881; pret. part. bi on hrere ... drepen biteran strle, _struck in the
breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; ws in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_),
2982.

drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drfan, ge-drfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewt ...
drfan dep wter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wter under std
drerig and gedrfed, 1418.

drem, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. hlea drem,
497; acc. sg. drem hldne, 88; u ... drem healdende, _thou who livest in
rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr.
sg. dreme bedled, 1276; gen. pl. drema les, 851; dat. pl. dremum (here
adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; dremum bedled,
722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gle-, gum-, man-,
sele-drem.

drem-les, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremd,
1721.

dregan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret.
dreh fter dme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-earfe
ongeat, t hie r drugon aldorlese lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great
distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2)
_to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. dreh
symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_,
1783; inf. driht-scype dregan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte
dreh (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361;
pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; h s drugon, _made the way,
went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werho
dregan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. egn-sorge dreh, _bore
sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoearfe dreh, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge
e hie r drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

-dregan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wrc dregan, 3079.

ge-dregan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. t he ... gedrogen
hfde eoran wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e.
that he was at his death), 2727.

drer, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. drere,
447.--Comp. heoru-, swul-, wl-drer.

drer-fh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.

drerig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wter std drerig, 1418; acc.
sg. dryhten snne dririgne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-drerig.

ge-dresan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. lc-homa lne
gedrese, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. t u ne
lte dm gedresan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.

drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom.
pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. bld drum dranc, _drank the blood in
streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234;
r guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it
stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye
warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slg
heor-genetas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_,
i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg.
bere (wne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bere druncne, 480.

drfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl.  e brentingas ofer flda genipu
feorran drfa, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness
of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) eh e he [ne] meahte on mere drfan
hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.

to-drfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret.  t unc fld tdrf,
545.

drohto, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom.
sg. ne ws his drohto r swylce he r gemtte, _there was no employment
for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.

drusian, w. v. (cf. dresan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of
water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood
of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in
comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mnra
eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. elinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hlea)
gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_:
nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg.
dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.;
dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat.
sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441;
drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: fre-, fre-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg.
drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer
dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrgr's warriors).

dryht-lc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble,
excellent_: dryhtlc ren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an
acc. sg. n.) drihtlce wf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-mum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl.
dryhtmma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_:
acc. sg. drihtscype dregan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485;
dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble
warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-ft, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg.,
2255; drinc-ft, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain):
pres. sg. III. lyft drysma, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hru se
aldor deh, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; onne his ellen deh,
_if his strength avails, is good_, 573; e him selfa deh, _who is capable
of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. eh n wit duge,
_though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661,
2032; pret. sg. u s wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself
well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu se hand lige se e ew welhwylcra
wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret.
subj. eh u heaorsa gehwr dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong
in battle_, 526.

dugu (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_:
dat. pl. for dugeum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguum dmdon, _praised with
all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of
warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. dugu unlytel, 498; dugu,
1791, 2255; dat. sg. for dugue, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frtwe
geaf ealdor dugue, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921;
leda dugue on lst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e.
after them, 2946; gen. sg. ce he dugue ew, _the custom of the noble
warriors_, 359; derre dugue, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. dugua,
2036.--3) contrasted with geogo, dugu designates the noted warriors of
noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so
gen. sg. dugue and geogoe, 160; gehwylc ... dugue and iogoe, 1675;
dugue and geogoe dl ghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. u dearst bdan, _darest
to await_, 527; III. he gescean dear, 685; pres. subj. sc gyf u dyrre,
_seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469,
etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. t sweord gedef (_the
sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.

urh-dfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wter up
urh-def, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the
bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. n hine wiht dwele, dl
ne yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig,
1288.

dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu,
hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg.
dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious,
hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan crfte, _with secret magic art_,
2291; dyrnum crfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gsta, _of malicious spirits_
(of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...fter derum men dyrne langa,
_longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: eh e he dda gehws dyrstig wre,
_although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.

ge-dgan, ge-dgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the
thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif u t ellenweorc aldre gedgest, _if thou
survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. t one hilders hl
gedge, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf.
unfge gedgan wen and wrcs, 2293; hwer sl mge wunde gedgan,
_which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532;
ne meahte unbyrnende dep gedgan, _could not endure the deep without
burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III.
ge-dgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dgol. See degol.

dre. See dere.


E

ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg,
1525, etc.; acc. sg. wi ord and wi ecge ingang forstd, _defended the
entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550;
mces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting
weapon_: nom. sg. ne ws ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; si
ecg brn (Bewulf's sword Ngling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword
snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. scum and
ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ecnum ecgum, 2141;
gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg ws ren, 1460.--Comp.: brn-,
heard-, stl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wear t ecg-banan
ngan brer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom.
sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-racu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-rce,
597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition):  r sna wear
edhwyrft eorlum, sian inne fealh Grendles mdor (i.e. after Grendel's
mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the
time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him
edwendan fre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil
should ever cease_, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden
torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.

edwt-lf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon
the same level, near_: him on efn lige ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_,
2904.

efnan (see fnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres.
subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe
efnan, 2623; sweorda gelc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. t efnanne,
1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with sw or swylc:
efne sw swe sw, _just so much as_, 1093; efne sw sde sw, 1224; ws
se gryre lssa efne sw micle sw, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284;
leht inne std efne sw ... scne, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword)
_just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne sw hwylc mga sw one magan cende
(_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne sw hwylcum manna sw him
gemet hte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce
mla swylce ... earf geslde, _just at the times at which necessity
commanded it_, 1250.

eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sna
bi, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bt eft cuman, _help come again_,
281.--2) _again, on the other side_: t hine on ylde eft gewunigen
wilgesas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing
companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693,
1557, etc.; eft sw r, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus,
_back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; t hig elinges eft ne wndon (_did not
believe that he would come back_), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-s, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-ses
georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsas teh, _went the road back_, i.e. returned,
1333.

egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_:
acc. sg. urh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gme, _cares for nothing
terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror,
horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.:
gld-, lg-, wter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.

eges-lc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of
the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably,
perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret.
(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres.
t e ... weras ehtiga, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.

elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the
pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde.

eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan,
(_shall be banished_), 3020.

ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573;
eafo and ellen, 903; Geta ... eafo and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafo and
ellen, 2350; ellen can, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised
heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlc
ellen, 638; ferh ellen wrc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the
departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on
elne, 2507, 2817; as instr.  ws t am geongum grim andswaru begte
m e r his elne forles, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those
who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young
man_ (Wglf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense,
_strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly,
transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes lt, 1530;  him
ws elnes earf, 2877.--Comp. mgen-ellen.

ellen-dd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -ddum, 877, 901.

ellen-gst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg.
of Grendel, 86.

ellen-lce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.

ellen-mru, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mrum, 829,
1472.

ellen-rf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl.
-rfum, 1788.

ellen-sec, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. eden ellensicne (_the
mortally wounded king, Bewulf_), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in
battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b
(local), elles hwr, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.

ellor-gst, -gst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of
the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's
mother), 1622; ellorgst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgstas,
1350.

ellor-s, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius),
_another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-edig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-edige men,
336.

ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lfes) ende,
823, 2845;  t ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende
lfgesceafta (lfes, ln-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hfde eorscrafa ende
genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves
for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lfes) t ende, 2791, 2824;
eoletes t ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sde rce t he his selfa
ne mg ... ende geencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot
comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on
ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp.
woruld-ende.

ende-dg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bega on wnum
endedgores and eftcymes letes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in
the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.

ende-lf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. u eart ende-lf sses cynnes,
_art the last of our race_, 2814.

ende-len, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg.
(here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestf eft
gelimpe, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge npaas, _narrow paths_, 1411.

ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta r-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the
dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718;
eald-enta r-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. bldig wl ... ete
n-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_,
448; inf. Getena lede ... etan, 444.

urh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... urhetone,
_swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.




c. See ec.

ce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ce
eorreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; geces
cne rd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. cean
dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geces ce rdas, 1761.

dre. See dre.

-begte, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg.  ws t am geongum
grim andswaru -begte, _then from the young man_ (Wglf) _it was an easy
thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.

e. See ee.

el, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swsne
el, 520; dat. sg. on le, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary
possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. el Scyldinga, _of the
kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wsdme held el snne, _ruled
with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.

el-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a
hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard el-riht, _estate and inherited
privileges_, 2199.

el-stl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl.
el-stlas, 2372.

el-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mnre
eltyrf, 410.

el-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg.
elweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Est-Dena el wearde (King
Hrgr), 617.

el-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom.
sg. nu sceal ... eall elwyn ewrum cynne, lufen licgean, _now shall your
race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished
from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard
elwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.

-gesne, -gesne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111,
1245.

fstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nu fstan, _let us
hurry now_, 3102; pret. fste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_,
1494.

g-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer g-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

g-strem, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on g-stremum, _in
the sea-floods_, 577. See egor-strem.

htan (M.H.G. chten; cf. ht and ge-htla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a
pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. glca htende ws dugue and geogoe,
159; pret. pl. hton aglcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_
(Bewulf)(?), 1513.

st, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. he him st geteh meara
and mma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor hfde
gendes st r gescewod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_
(of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce
held, stum mid re, 2379; stum gewan (_to present_), 2150; him ws ...
wunden gold stum geewed (_presented_), 1195; we t ellenweorc stum
miclum fremedon, 959.

ste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. ste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the
birth_ (of such a son as Bewulf), 946.


EA

eafo, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafo and ellen, 603, 903; acc.
sg. eafo and ellen, 2350; we frcne gendon eafo unces, _we have
boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have
withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoes crftig, 1467; t ec dl oe ecg
eafoes getwfed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; acc. pl. eafeo (MS.
earfeo) [This reading cancelled. See note to l. 534--KTH], 534; dat. pl.
hine mihtig god ... eafeum stpte, _made him great through strength_,
1718. See Note for l. 534.

eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg.
eafor, 2153.

eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora,
375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan,
2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader
sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, _went as
one of eight, with seven others_, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. rd
eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) one
slestan ra e mid Hrgre hm eahtode, _the best one of those who with
Hrgr deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with
reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan
eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencelu,
486; sg. eall elwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; t hit wear eal
gearo, healrna mst, 77; t hit (wgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a
following genitive: r ws eal geador Grendles grpe, _there was all
together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa,
_all favor_, 2150; ws eall sceacen dgorgermes, 2728. With apposition:
hte him eall t rm, wongas and wcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bet eal, 523;
similarly, 2018, 2081; once ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne,
2692; hlw ... ealne tan-weardne, 2298; gif he t eal gemon, 1186, 2428;
t eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wde-ferh, _through the
whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mgene, _with
all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles
moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic s ealles mg ... gefen habban, 2740; brc
ealles well, 2163; fren ealles anc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of
all_, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; scetend ... ealle, 706; we
ealle, 942; acc. pl. fend ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst.
ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie de fornam, 2237; lg ealle forswealg ra e
r g fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat.
pl. eallum ceaster-bendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. na wi
eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen.
pl. elinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve
nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he h ealra
geweald, _has power over all_, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal urhwd flschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body
through and through_, 1568; hfde ... eal gefeormod ft and folma, _had
devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; se e eall geman gr-cwealm gumena,
_who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: eh ic eal mge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; h on
beorg dydon bg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the
grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg.
ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357,
1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan
(_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of
things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and mig, 2764; acc.
sg. ealde lfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559,
1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta
geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde
mmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten
Commandments; Bewulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a
punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the
commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. _older_: mn yldra mg, 468; yldra bror, 1325;  t he
(Heardrd) yldra wear, 2379.

yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. am yldestan, 2436;
in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg.
one yldestan, 363, both times of Bewulf.

eald-fder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela
eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870.

eald-ges, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many
years_: nom. pl. eald-gesas, 854.

eald-gestren, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl.
eald-gestrenum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrena, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of
Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many
years_: nom. pl. t nron eald-gewyrht, t he na scyle gnorn rowian,
_that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the
distress alone_, 2658.

eald-hlford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill
eald-hlfordes (of the old Bewulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg.
ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat.
sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448,
1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre std herestrl hearda (in vitalibus),
1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of
ealdre gewt, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681,
etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444;
aldres orwna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having
forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum ndon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on
aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; t aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006,
2499; wa t aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. u ... ondrdan ne earft ...
aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat.
sg. he his ledum wear ... t aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. nfre on
aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum r (_in former
days_), 758.

ealdor-gedl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedl,
806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's
life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg.
ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904.

ealdor-les, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lese, 15.

ealdor-les, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-lesne, 1588;
ealdor-lesne, 3004.

ealdor-egn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc.
sg. aldor-egn (Hrgr's confidential adviser, schere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena,
_very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh
ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. sian he (Hygelc) under segne sinc
eal-gode, wlref werede, _while under his banner he protected the
treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking
expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swn ealgylden,
1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-renne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-renne wgbord, _a
wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339.

ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in
ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an
ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum
eallum wear ... ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured
into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowge
(_at the ale-carouse_), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fder alwalda, 316;
alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader
sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him ws bm
... lond gecynde, eard el-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both,
the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. ffel-cynnes
eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly,
lwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_,
1130; eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378;
eard and eorlscipe, _prdium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard elwyn, _land and
the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went
elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; t we rondas beren eft
t earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl.
ecne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home
was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl.
dre swyrd sw hie wi eoran fm r eardodon, _costly swords, as they
had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to
inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wc eardian elles hwergen,
_inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg.
eard-lufan, 693.

earfo-lce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with
vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_,
2304, 2935.

earfo-rag, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg.
-rage, 283.

earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bi swylc earges s (_no coward
undertaken that_), 2542.

earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wi earm gest, _supported
himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides,
_the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_,
2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_,
577.

earm-beg, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-bega fela searwum
gesled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764.

earm-hred, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hrede tw, 1195 (Grein's
conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-lc, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedl
earmlc wuran, _his end should be wretched_, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of
fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817,
1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the
shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl.
st fren eaxlum neh, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Bewulf lies
lifeless upon the earth, and Wglf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so
as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestd
Deniga fren, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_
(i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette
demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of
his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc.
pl. -gesteallan, 1715.


E

ec, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; c, 3132.

ecen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_,
_large_: nom. pl. ecne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald
sweord ecen, 1664; dat. pl. ecnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great
sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: ele and ecen,
of Bewulf, 198.

ecen-crftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg.
hord-rna sum ecen-crftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg.
t yrfe ecen-crftig, imonna gold, 3052.

edig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_:
nom. sg. wes, enden u lifige, eling edig, _be, as long as thou livest,
a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; edig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-,
tr-edig.

edig-lce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: dremum lifdon
ediglce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100.

ee, e, e, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode ancedon s e him
-lde ee wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had
become easy to them_, 228; ne ws t e s, _no pleasant way_, 2587; ns
t e cep, _no easy purchase_, 2416; n t e by t beflenne, _not
easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003.

ee, e, adv., _easily_. ee, 478, 2292, 2765.

e-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138.

ege, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of egum std leht unfger, _out of his
eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; t ic ... egum starige, _see with eyes,
behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. egena bearhtm, 1767.

egor-strem, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513.

e-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Getas):
acc. sg. e-lond, 2335; _island_.

em, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882.

estan, adv., _from the east_, 569.

ewan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. ewe ...
uncne n, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See ewan, wan.

ge-ewan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him ws ... wunden gold stum
ge-ewed, _was graciously presented_, 1195.


EO

eode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate
was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence
the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself.
Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. hht eahta
mearas on flet ten, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds
into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as
protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofo, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoo, 2535. See eafo.

eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet:
nom. sg. eofer renheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave
fighter_ (O.N. ifur): nom. pl. onne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the
heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fan stand in the
same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-lc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lc scionon,
303.

eofor-spret, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-spretum
hero-hcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_,
1438.

eogu, iogu. See geogo.

eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stn, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stnas, 1209.

eor-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eor-cyninges (Finn),
1156.

eor-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg.
2713, 2826.

eore, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg.
lmihtiga eoran worhte, 92; wde geond eoran, _far over the earth,
through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eoran, 248, 803; on eoran,
1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eoran, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. he
eoran gefell, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlton eorla gestren eoran
healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. t hit
on eoran lg, 1533; under eoran, 2416; gen. sg. wi eoran fm (_in the
bosom of the earth_), 3050.

eor-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720.

eor-scrf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eor-[scrfe], 2233;
gen. pl. eor-scrfe, 3047.

eor-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eor-sele, 2411; dat
sg. of eorsele, 2516.

eor-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenew) beh eft under
eorweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp),
2958;  me ws ... s lfed inn under eorweall, _then the way in, under
the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091.

eor-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762,
796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983,
1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.;
gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the
stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestren, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestrena ...
hardfyrdne dl, 2245.

eorl-gewde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewdum, 1443.

eorlc (i.e. eorl-lc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do,
chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature,
nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do
chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes,
1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc.
sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lfe elan cynnes
(_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235.

eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg.
uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens,
subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See
List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord
eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.


E

ered-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867.

ewan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu hwr,
ecghete ewe, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See ewan,
wan.

ewer: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ewer sum, _that one of you_
(namely, Bewulf), 248; fhe ewer lede, _the enmity of the people of
you_ (of your people), 597; nis t ewer s ... nefne mn nes, 2533.--2)
poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc.


F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to
experience_: w. gen. pret. part. t hfde gumena sum goldes gefandod,
_that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; onne se n hafa urh dees
nd dda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang
experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf.
t hm faran, _to go home_, 124; lton on geflt faran fealwe mearas, _let
the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna
land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; com leda dugoe on lst
faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to
follow them, 2946; gerund wron elingas eft t ledum fse t farenne,
_the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum
fr [] ofer myrcan mr, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over
the dark fen_, 1405; sgenga fr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_,
1909; (wyrm) mid ble fr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret.
pl. t ... scawan scrhame t scipe fron, _that the visitors in
glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896.

gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. h se mnsceaa under frgripum gefaran
wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739.

t faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lt of brestum ... word t faran, _let
words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552.

faro, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea_: dat. sg. t brimes faroe, 28;
fter faroe, _with the stream_, 580; t faroe, 1917.

faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. d-faru.

fcen-stf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_.
acc. pl. fcen-stafas, 1019.

fh, fg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially
said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of
light are refracted): nom. sg. fh (_covered with blood_), 420; blde fh,
935; tertnum fh (sc. ren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to
terterum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fh (_saddle artistically
ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swte fh, 1287; brim blde fh, 1595;
wldrere fg, 1632; (draca) frwylmum fh (_because he spewed flame_),
2672; sweord fh and fted, 2702; blde fh, 2975; acc. sg. drere fhne,
447; goldsele fttum fhne, 717; on fgne flr treddode, _trod the shining
floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrf golde fhne, _the roof shining with gold_,
928; nom. pl. eoforlc ... fh and fr-beard, 305; acc. pl.  hilt since
fge, 1616; dat. pl. fgum sweordum, 586.--Comp. bn-, bld-, brn-,
drer-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stn-, swt-, wl-, wyrm-fh.

fh, fg, f, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fh fend-scaa, 554; he ws fg
wi god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fra,
578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fg,
1264; mne fh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-ddum fg,
1002.--Comp. nearo-fh.

fmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fmig-heals, 218;
(sgenga) fmig-heals, 1910.

fc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lytel fc, _during a short time_,
2241.

fder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610;
fder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fder, 1356; dat. sg. fder, 2430; gen. sg.
fder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: r, eald-fder.

fdera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefderan.

fder-elo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fder-elum,
912.

fderen-mg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father,
co-descendant_: dat. sg. fderen-mge, 1264.

fm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. fendes
f[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. lges fm, 782; acc.
sg. in fres fm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fm, 1394;
wi eoran fm, 3050; dat. pl. t fder (God's) fmum, 188.--4) _power,
property_: acc. in Francna fm, 1211.--Cf. sd-fmed, s-fme.

fmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. t minne
lchaman ... gld fmie, 2653; inf. lton fld fmian frtwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp.
ge-fgra, 916.

fgen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhum fgne, _the glad at heart_,
1634.

fger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fger fold-bold, 774; fger
foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freooburh fgere, 522; nom. pl. r him
fold-wegas fgere hton, 867.--Comp. un-fger.

fgere, fgre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to
etiquette_: fgere gegon medoful manig, 1015;  ws flet-sittendum
fgere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelc ongan
... fgre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fr, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33.

fst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bi se slp t fst, 1743; acc. sg.
frendscipe fstne, 2070; fste friouwre, 1097.--The prep. on stands to
denote the where or wherein: ws t fst on m (sc. on fhe and fyrene),
137; on ancre fst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fend-grpum fst,
_(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; frbendum fst, _fast in the
forged hinges_, 723; handa fst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fst (beorn him
langa), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e.
in secret), 1879.--Comp: r-, bld-, gin-, s-, tr-, ws-fst.

fste, adv., _fst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. fstor, 143.

be-fstan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. ht Hildeburh hire selfre sunu
sweoloe befstan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116.

fsten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg.
leda fsten, _the fastness of the Getas_ (with ref. to 2327), 2334;
fsten (Ongenew's castle or fort), 2951; fsten (Grendel's house in the
fen-sea), 104.

fst-rd, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fst-rdne geht, _firm
determination_, 611.

ft, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. s-ft.

ft, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the
(drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: bn-, drync-,
mum-, sinc-, wundor-ft.

ft, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich
Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fttum fhne, _shining with
gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered
with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde ftum befeallen (sc.
wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257.

fted, ftt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg.
fttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere,
_covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... fted, 2702;
acc. sg. fted wge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. ftte scyldas, 333; ftte begas,
1751. [fted, etc.]

fted-hler, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas
fted-hlere (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_),
1037.

ft-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922.

fge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg.
fge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fge and ge-flmed, 847; fs and fge, 1242; acc.
sg. fgne flsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fgum, 2078; gen. sg. fges,
1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fgum (_over the warriors fallen in the
battle_), 3026.--Comp.: de-, un-fge.

fh (_state of hostility_, see fh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_:
nom. sg. fh, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fhe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.;
also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrling, Hcyn, by which he killed his
brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fhe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fhe mearn
(_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he re fhe,
109; gen. pl. fha gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wl-fh.

fho, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. si fho, 3000; acc. fho, 2490.

flsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. t ic
mte ... Heorot flsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrgres
... sele flsode, 2353.

ge-flsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hfde geflsod ... sele
Hrgres, 826; Heorot is geflsod, 1177; wron -gebland eal geflsod,
1621.

fmne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fmnan, 2035; gen. sg.
fmnan, 2060, both times of Hrgr's daughter Freware.

fr, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnf's band
by Finn's), 1069, 2231.

fr-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fr-gripe
fldes, 1517; dat. pl. under frgripum, 739.

fr-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wi
fr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

fringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989.

fr-n, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwt me Grendel
hafa ... frna gefremed, 476.

feer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of
the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feer-gearwum fs, 3120.

fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made
of the skins of dragons_, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende,
2107. With worn placed before: hwt u worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprce,
_how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela
fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; t fela micles
... Denigea lede, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; unces fela,
877; fela les, 930; fela lefes and les, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg.
fela mdma, 36; fela ra wera and wfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera,
153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; mum-sigla fela (falo, MS.),
2758; ne me swr fela a on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.;
worn fela mma, 1784; worna fela ga, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very
warlike_, 27.

fela-mdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -mdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne
secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne),
1380.

felan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_:
pret. sian inne fealh Grendles mdor (in Heorot), 1282; r inne fealh
secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo,
endure_: searonas fealh, 1201.

t-felan, w. dat., insistere, adhrere: pret. n ic him s georne tfealh
_(held him not fast enough_, 969.

fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. t fenne, 1296;
fenne, 2010.

fen-freoo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoo, 852.

feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fra
feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. t fn, 1756, and fn t
rce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom.
sg. wsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-ld, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frcne fengeld
(_fens difficult of access_), 1360.

fen-hli, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleou, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg.,
305.

ferh, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc
hiora his ferhe trewde, t ..., _each of them trusted to his_
(Hnfer's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhes fore-anc, 1061; dat.
pl. (adverbial) ferhum fgne, _happy at heart_, 1634; t mon ... ferhum
frege, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-,
swift-, wide-ferh.

ferh-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferh-frecan
Fin, 1147.

ferh-genla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferh-genlan, of the
drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl.
hwanon ferigea ftte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. t scypum feredon eal
ingesteald eorcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

t-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic t hilt anan fendum
tferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. onne (we)
geferian fren serne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hefod, 1639; pret.
t hi t geferedon dre mmas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede
feorran cumene ... Geta lede, _men of the Getas, come from afar, have
been brought hither_ (by ship), 361.

-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsfte onan feorh
-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. er swylc t
offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc.
(sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)

fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nh hw ... fe[tige]
fted wge, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hrae ws t
bre Bewulf fetod, 1311.

ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. ht  eorla hle in gefetian Hrles lfe,
_caused Hrel's sword to be brought_, 2191.

-fdan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. r he fded ws,
694.

fa (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. fan, 1328,
2545.--2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_:
nom. fa eal gest, 1425; dat. on fan, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-fa.

fe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. ws t foremihtig fend on
fe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.

fe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.

fe-gst, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. fe-gestum, 1977.

fe-lst, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. frdon for onon
fe-lstum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way
that they had gone, 1633.

fe-wg, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrmge orfton
(sc. wesan) fe-wges, 2365.

fl (= fel), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fla lfe, _what the files have left
behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033.

fran, w. v., iter (A.S. fr) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres.
subj. II. pl. r ge ... on land Dena furur fran, _ere you go farther into
the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. fran on fren wre (_to die_), 27;
gewiton him  fran (_set out upon their way_), 301; ml is me t fran,
316; fran ... gang scewigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391;
wde fran, 2262; pret. frdon folctogan ... wundor scewian, _the princes
came to see the wonder_, 840; frdon for, 1633.

ge-fran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. onne eorl ende gefre
lfgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. hfde ghwer
ende gefred lnan lfes, _frail life's end had both reached_, 2845.--2)
_to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast u gefred t ...,
1222, 1856.--3) _to behave one's self, to conduct one's self_: pret. frcne
gefrdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692.

feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wl-feal.

feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg.
t he on hrusan ne fel, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the
ground_, 773; similarly, fell on foldan, 2976; fell on fan (dat. sg.),
_fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. onne walu fellon,
1043.

be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: frendum
befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... ftum
befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting
will fall away from it moldering), 2257.

ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. t se lc-homa ...
fge gefealle, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.--Also, with
the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefell, 2101; he eoran
gefell, 2835.

fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone fld
(_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe strte (with reference to 320), 917; acc.
pl. lton on geflt faran fealwe mearas, 866.--Comp. ppel-fealo.

feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. ws be feaxe on flet boren
Grendles hefod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him ...
swt ... sprong for under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of
his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.

ge-fe, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. re fylle gefen, _joy at the abundant
repast_, 562; ic s ealles mg ... gefen habban (_can rejoice at all
this_), 2741.

fe, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne feum num, _except some few_, 1082; gen.
pl. fera sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; fera sumne, _one of a
few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fe worda cw, _spoke
few words_, 2663, 2247.

fe-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syan rest
wear fesceaft funden, 7; fesceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg.
fesceaftum men, 2286; Edgilse ... fesceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fesceafte
(the Getas robbed of their king, Hygelc), 2374.

feoh, fe, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property,
treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo fe ingian, _would not
allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly,  fhe fe
ingode, 470; ic e  fhe fe lenige, 1381.

ge-feohan, ge-fen, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to
rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he re fhe, 109;
hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefgon, _enjoyed themselves at
the bounteous repast_, 1015; ednes gefgon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of)
_the ruler_, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mrum, 828;
secg weorce gefeh, 1570; slce gefeah, mgen-byrenne ra e he him mid
hfde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_
(Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625.

feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg.
re feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. t feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum,
_with rich gifts_, 21.

feoh-les, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. t
ws feoh-les gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the
killing of his brother by Hcyn), 2442.

ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his
brother by Hcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mce one n fader t gefeohte br,
_the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049.

ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wg Hengeste wiht
gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084.

feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.

feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis t feor heonon, 1362; ns him feor
anon t gescanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is
far, past_), 1702.

feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor
and (oe) neh, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time:
ge feor hafa fhe gestled (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_),
1341.

Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fstor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr,
1989; feor, 542.

feor-bend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. ge feor-bend, 254.

feor-c, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl.
feor-ce be slran geshte m e him selfa deh, _foreign lands are
better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839.

feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of
life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; n on lange ws feorh elinges flsce
bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the
body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wrc, _life expelled the
strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also),
2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve
his life_, 2857; feorh legde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, r he
feorh sele, 1371; feorh oferede, _tore away her life_, 2142;  t hie
forlddan t am lindplegan swse gesas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in
an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their
lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif u n feorh hafast, 1850;
ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; ws in feorh dropen, _was
wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; wdan feorh, as temporal acc.,
_through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; t
wdan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on sw geongum
feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg.
feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. bton ... feorum gumena, 73; frenda feorum,
1307.--Also, _body, corpse_:  ws heal hroden fenda feorum (_the hall
was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf  in Francna
fm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (Hygelc) _fell into the
power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogo-feorh.

feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg.
feorh-bonan, 2466.

feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat.
(instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sec, 2741.

feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078,
2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.

feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela
feorh-cynna, 2267.

feorh-genla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life's enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind),
_mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -genlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genlan, 970; acc. sg.
brgd feorh-genlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genlan, (Ongenew)
_pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934.

feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_:
acc. sg. on mma hord mine (mnne, MS.) bebohte frde feorh-lege, _for the
treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801.

feorh-lst, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl.
feorh-lstas br, 847.

feorh-sec, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821.

feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg.,
2490.

feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde
hlet, 2386.

feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. n u ymb mnes ne
earft lces feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the
sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme,
MS.), 2386.

feormend-les, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah ...
fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lese, 2762.

feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl.
feormiend swefa (feormynd, MS.), 2257.

ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sna hfde unlyfigendes
eal gefeormod ft and folma, 745.

feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wi manna hwone
mgenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fe ingian, (Grendel) _would not from
friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay
it for tribute_, 156.

feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.;
sian elingas feorran gefricgean flem ewerne, _when noble men afar
learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands),
2890; frdon folctogan feorran and nen, _from far and from near_, 840;
similarly, nen and feorran u nu [friu] hafast, 1175; ws s wyrmes wg
wde gesne ... nen and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_,
2318.--b) temporal: se e ce frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (_since
remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.

feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.

feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. mdma fela of feorwegum, _many
precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37.

ge-fen. See feohan.

fend, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fend on helle (Grendel),
101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fende, 143, 439; gen. sg.
fendes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fend, 699; dat. pl. fendum, 420, 1670;
gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.

fend-grp, st. f., _foe's clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. fend-grpum fst,
637.

fend-sceaa, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fh
fend-scaa (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554.

fend-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000.

fewer, num., _four_: nom. fewer bearn, 59; fewer mearas, 2164; fewer,
as substantive, 1638; acc. fewer mmas, 1028.

fewer-tyne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. fewertyne
Geta, 1642.

findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in
acc.: inf. ra e he cnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-hm
findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mg r fela
frenda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; sw hyt weorlcost
fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could
devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healegnas fand, 720; word er fand, _found
other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelcne
grund-hyrde fond, 2137; t ic gdne funde bega bryttan, 1487; pret. part.
syan rest wear fesceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.--b) with acc. and
pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten snne dririgne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and
inf.: pret. fand  r inne elinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wccendne
wer wges bdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271;  t he
fyrgen-bemas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon  swullesne
hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. n  r fesceafte
findan meahton t am elinge t he Heardrde hlford wre (_could by no
means obtain it from the prince_), 2374.

on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret.
sg. landweard onfand efts eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of
the earls_, 1892; pret. part.  he onfunden ws (_was discovered_),
1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg.  se gist onfand t se beado-lema
btan nolde, _the stranger_ (Bewulf) _perceived that the sword would not
cut_, 1523; sna t onfunde, t ..., _immediately perceived that_...,
751; similarly, 810, 1498.

finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985;
dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.

firas, fyras (O.H.G. firah, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only in
pl., _men_: gen. pl. fira, 91, 2742; monegum fira, 2002; fyra gehwylcne
leda mnra, 2251; fira fyrngeweorc, 2287.

firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice,
outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fhe, 153; fhe and
fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fhe and fyrene,
137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel),
751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of
_maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Hcyn's killing
Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.

firen-dd, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-dda, 1670; instr. pl.
fyren-ddum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to
their nocturnal inroads.

firen-earf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg.
fyren-earfe, 14.

firgen-bem, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-bemas,
1415.

firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on
fyrgen-holt, 1394.

firgen-strem, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-strem, 1360;
acc. sg. under fyrgen-strem (marks the place where the mountain-stream,
according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.

fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.

ff, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. ff nihta fyrst, 545; acc. ffe (?),
420.

ffel-cyn (O.N. ffl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg.
ffelcynnes eard, 104.

ff-tene, ff-tyne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fftyne, 1583; gen. fftena sum,
207.

ff-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fftig
wintra, 2734; gen. se ws fftiges ft-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as
adjective: acc. fftig wintru, 2210.

fln, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flne, 3120; as instr., 2439.

fln-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the fln, bow_: dat. sg. of fln-bogan,
1434, 1745.

flsc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. n on lange
ws feorh elinges flsce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the
prince contained in his body_, 2425.

flsc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg.
flsc-homan, 1569.

flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. he on flet gebeh,
_fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg.
1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; t hie him
er flet eal germdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another
hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.

flet-rst, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-rste gebeg,
_reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242.

flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023;
dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.

flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476.

flem, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on flem gewand, _had turned to flight_,
1002; flem ewerne, 2890.

flegan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. flege, 2274.

flen, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster flen, 756; flen on fenhopu,
765; flen under fen-hleou, 821; pret. hete-swengeas fleh, 2226.

be-flen, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund n t e by t
beflenne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004.

ofer-flen, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges
weard oferflen ftes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_
(the drake) _a foot's breadth_, 2526.

fletan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. n he wiht fram
me fld-um feor fletan meahte. hraor on helme, _no whit, could he swim
from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves
marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. sgenga flet
fmigheals for ofer e, _floated away over the waves_, 1910.

fliht. See flyht.

flitme. See un-flitme.

fltan, st. v., _to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part.
fltende fealwe strte mearum mton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II.
eart u se Bewulf, se e wi Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the
Bewulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507.

ofer-fltan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret.
w. acc. he e t sunde oferflt (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517.

ge-flt, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. lton on geflt faran fealwe mearas,
_let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866.

floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: g-, lyft-, uht-, w-floga.

flota (see fletan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301;
acc. sg. flotan ewerne, 294.--Comp. wg-flota.

flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land,
2916.

fld, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.;
acc. sg. fld, 3134; ofer fealone fld, 1951; dat. sg. t flde, 1889; gen.
pl. flda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flda
genipu, 2809.

fld-, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. fld-um, 542.

flr, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fgne flr (the floor was
probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang 
fter flre, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317.

flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gres fliht, _flight of the
spear_, 1766.

ge-flman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflmed, 847, 1371.

folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole
body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sdene
folc, 464; folc and rce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga,
465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer s sde, _went with a band of warriors
over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The
king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frewine folces, 2358;
or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwn, 1933.--The pl., in the sense
of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum,
55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. fre- (fre-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430;
friu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc.

folc-gend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl.
folc-gende, 3114.

folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg.
folc-beorn, 2222.

folc-cwn, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhew, 642.

folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.

folc-rd, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007.

folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl.
him r forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, sw his fder hte, 2609.

folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg.
folc-scare, 73.

folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of
warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76;
folcstede fra (_the battle-field_), 1464.

folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful
liege-men of Hrgr are called folc-togan, 840.

fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a
dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.

fold-bend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-bend, 2275;
fold-bende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-bendum, 309.

folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; fell on
foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan
scetas, 96; foldan fm, 1394.--Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan,
1197.

fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg,
1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.

folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl.
eh hie hira beggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the
murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode
feorh-genlan (acc. pl.) 2934.

folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743;
acc. pl. ft and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. t banan folmum,
158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.

for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: t
he for eaxlum gestd Deniga fren, 358; for hlwe, 1121.--b) _before_,
coram, in conspectu: no he re feohgyfte for scetendum scamigan orfte,
_had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for m
werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for dugue, _before the noble band of
warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of,
through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338,
1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhdum, 434; for onmdlan, 2927, etc.--b)
objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for
metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for rendum,
833; for rendlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with
the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself),
509; him for hrfsele hrnan ne mehte fr-gripe fldes, _on account of the
roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516;
lg-egesan wg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_,
2782; for mundgripe mnum, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_,
966; for s hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the
stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... dep gedgan for dracan lge, _could not hold
out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be
added such passages as ic m gdan sceal for his mdrce mmas bedan,
_will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his
high courage_, 385; ful-oft for lssan len teohhode, _gave often reward
for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about
his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for rstafum, _to
the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: he hine
feor forwrc for  mane, 110.--3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for sunu
fregan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him s wyrmes wg
for wiht dyde, _held the drake's fighting as nothing_, 2349.

foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: sian ... scewedon
fendes fingras, foran ghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; t ws n
foran ealdgestrena, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_,
i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; e him foran ongen linde bron, _bore
their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365.

be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: he ... beforan gengde, _went before_,
1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in
conspectu: mre mum-sweord manige geswon beforan beorn beran, 1025.

ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.

for: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: for near tstp, _approached
nearer_, 746;  cwom Wealhe for gn, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleegn
for wsade, _led him_ (Bewulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been
prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; t him swt sprong for under fexe,
_forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewta for
beran wpen and gewdu, 291; he t for gestp, 2290; freoo-wong one for
ofereodon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst for gewt, _the time_ (of
the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; me
... for-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; frdon for, _went forth_
(from Grendel's sea), 1633; onne he for scile, _when he must (go) forth_,
i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men for gefremede, _carried
him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald
for tela niwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal for sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, _shall
from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furum and furor.

for-germed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59.

for-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future
destiny_: acc. sg. he  for-gesceaft forgyte and forgme, 1751.

for-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: he of ealdre gewt frd
on for-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626.

fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: he fore m
werede sprc, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: n mearn fore fhe
and fyrene, 136; fore fder ddum, _because of the father's deeds_,
2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: r ws sang and
swg samod tgdere fore Healfdenes hildewsan, _song and music about
Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hnf), 1065.

fore-mre, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, prclarus: superl. t ws
fore-mrost foldbendum receda under roderum, 309.

fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, prpotens: nom. sg. ws t
foremihtig fend on fe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee
too rapidly), 970.

fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl.
foresnotre men, 3164.

fore-anc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg.,
1061.

forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on mde wear
forht on ferhe, 755.--Comp. unforht.

forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma s (_the first time_), 717,
1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman se, 741, 2287; forman dgore, 2574.

fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: he fyrmest lg,
2078.

forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.

for-am, for-an, for-on, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account,
then_: foram, 149; foran, 418, 680, 1060; foron e, _because_, 503.

fn, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III.
fh er t, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid
grpe sceal fn wi fende, 439; pret. sg. him tgenes fng, _caught at
him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. he m frtwum fng, _received the rich
adornments_ (Ongenew's equipment), 2990.

be-fn, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part.
hyne sr hafa ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; he elinga nne
hfde fste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm ... befongen
frewrsnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne
bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fre befongen, _encircled
by fire_, 2275, 2596; hfde landwara lge befangen, _encompassed by fire_,
2322.

ge-fn, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. he gefng slpendne rinc, 741;
grinc gefng atolan clommum, 1502; gefng  be eaxle ... Ggeta led
Grendles mdor, 1538; gefng  fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefng, geolwe
linde, 2610; ic on foste gefng micle mid mundum mgen-byrenne, _hastily
I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091.

on-fn, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfh
issum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. t t ednes bearn ...
scolde fder-elum onfn, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hw
m hlste onfng, _who received the ship's lading_, 52; hler-bolster
onfng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman's face_, 689;
similarly, 853, 1495; heal swge onfng, _the hall received the loud
noise_, 1215; he onfng hrae inwit-ancum, _he_ (Bewulf) _at once
clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749.

urh-fn, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by
grasping_: inf. t he one fyrd-hom urh-fn ne mihte, 1505.

wi-fn, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him
fste wi-fng, 761.

ymbe-fn, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefng biteran bnum,
_encircled his_ (Bewulf's) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692.

ft, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. ftes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot
broad_), 2526; acc. pl. ft, 746; dat. pl. t ftum, _at the feet_, 500,
1167.

ft-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen.
sg. se ws fftiges ftgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043.

ft-lst, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fendes ft-lst,
2290.

fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. ns se ecg fracod
hilde-rince, 1576.

fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: r fram sylle
beg medubenc monig, 776, 1716; anon eft gewiton ealdgesas ... fram
mere, 856; cyning-balde men from m holmclife hafelan bron, 1636;
similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwrc
... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: 
ic cwom ... from fendum, 420; ghwrum ws ... brga fram rum,
2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_:
sgdest from his se, 532; n ic wiht fram e swylcra searo-na secgan
hrde, 581; t he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away,
thence_: n  r fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from rest cwom oru
aglcean t of stne, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the
rock_ 2557.

fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp.
s-fram.--2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike
qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate,
1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from;
see freme, forma.

ge-frgen. See frignan.

frtwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved
objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any
costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frtwe, 2920; beorhte frtwe, 214;
beorhte frtwa, 897; frtwe.. eorclan-stnas, 1208; frtwe,...
brest-weorunge, 2504, both times of Hygelc's collar; frtwe and
ft-gold, 1922; frtwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl.
m frtwum, 2164; on frtewum, 963; frtwum (Heaobeard sword) hrmig,
2055; frtwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frtwum (Ongenew's armor),
2990; gen. pl. fela ... frtwa, 37; ra frtwa (drake's treasure), 2795;
frtwa hyrde (drake), 3134.

frtwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede
frtwan, 76.

ge-frtwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefrtwade foldan scetas leomum
and lefum, 96; pret. part.  ws hten Heort innanweard folmum gefrtwod,
993.

ge-frge, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. led-cyning ...
folcum gefrge, 55; sw hyt gefrge ws, 2481.

ge-frge, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefrge
(_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ge-frgnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle
gefrgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying
off of schere), 1334?

freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a
designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Bewulf, 1564.--Comp.:
g-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wg-freca; fer-frec (adj.).

fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom
sg. t ws fremde ed cean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.

freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwn, of
ryo, 1933(?).

fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to
perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object,
fremme se e wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp.
pl. fremma ge nu leda earfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; scce
fremman, 2500; fhe ... mrum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrd
fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. h
 elingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fcenstafas
... enden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. t ic ... mro fremede, 2135. --2)
_to help on, to support_: inf. t he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum
(to an expedition), 1833.

ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlc
ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; fter wespelle wyrpe
gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow),
1316; gerund, t gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165,
551, 585, etc.; eh e hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men for gefremede,
_placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl.
gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed,
476; fem, nu scealc hafa ... dd gefremede, 941; absolutely, u e self
hafast ddum gefremed, t ..., _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_,
955.

fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf.  (the precious things)
sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal gld fretan wgena strengel, 3115; pret.
sg. (Grendel) slpende frt folces Denigea fftyne men, 1582.

frcne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frcne fr-draca, 2690;
feorh-bealo frcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frcne dde, 890; frcne fengeld,
1360; frcne stwe, 1379; instr. sg. frcnan sprce (_through provoking
words_), 1105.

frcne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692.

fre, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. fre, 2286; acc.
sg. fren, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. fren, 359, 500, 1167,
1681; dat. sg. fren, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... t
hire fren sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. fren ealles, _the Lord of all_,
2795; gen. sg. fren, 27.-- Comp.: gend-, lf-, sin-fre.

fre-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. fre-drihtnes, 797.

fre-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. fre-wine
folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his fre-wine, 2439.

fre-wrsn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm
... befongen frewrsnum, 1452; see wrsn.

freou, friu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wel bi m e mt
... t fder fmum freoo wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's
arms_, 188; nen and feorran u nu [friu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoo.

freoo-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg.
freooburh fgere, 522.

freoo-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960;
seems to have been the proper name of a field.

freoo-wr, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg.  hie
getrwedon on tw healfa fste friou-wre, 1097; gen. sg. frioowre bd
hlford snne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full
pardon for his delinquency), 2283.

freoo-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort
(often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two
nations): nom. sg., 1943.

fre-burh, st. f., = fre-burg (?), _ruler's castle_ (?) (according to
Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freburh, 694.

fred, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. frede ne woldon ofer heafo healdan,
2477; gen. sg. ns r mra fyrst frede t friclan, _was no longer time to
seek for friendship_, 2557; --_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic e
sceal mne gelstan frede (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to
1381 ff.), 1708.

fre-dryhten (= fre-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein,
dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. fre-drihten min! 1170; dat.
sg. mid his fre-dryhtne, 2628.

fregan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. t mon his
wine-dryhten ... ferhum frege, 3178; inf. nu ic ec ... me for sunu wylle
fregan on ferhe, 949.

fre-lc, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with
the bond concubine): nom. sg. frelc wf, 616; frelcu folc-cwn, 642.

frend, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. frend, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. frendum,
916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. frenda, 1307, 1839.

frend-lau, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him ws ful boren and
frend-lau (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewgned, 1193.

frend-lr, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. frend-lrum,
2378.

frend-lce, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. frend-lcor,
1028.

frend-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. frend-scipe fstne, 2070.

fre-wine, st. m. (see frewine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_;
according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc.
fre-wine folca! 430.

fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan snne geseldan fgre
fricgean hwylce S-Geta sas wron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding
fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_
(having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation
was alternate), 2107.

ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syan hie
ge-fricgea fren serne ealdorlesne, _when they learn that our lord is
dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic t gefricge, t..., 1827; pl. syan
elingas feorran gefricgean flem ewerne, 2890.

friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_:
inf. ns r mra fyrst frede t friclan, 2557.

frio-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the
queen (see freoo--webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friu-sibb folca,
2018.

frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frin u
fter slum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic s wine Deniga
frinan wille ... ymb nne s, 351; pret. sg. frgn, 236, 332; frgn gif
..., _asked whether_ ..., 1320.

ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by
narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) t fram hm gefrgn Higelces egn
Grendles dda, 194; n ic gefrgn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.)
 ic wde gefrgn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne
gefrgen ic  mge mran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sl gebran, _I never
heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about
its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we edcyninga rym
gefrunon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gcyning gdne gefrunon hringas
dlan, 1970; (parenthetical) sw guman gefrungon, 667, (after onne)
medo-rn micel (_greater_) ... one yldo bearn fre gefrunon, 70; pret.
part. hfde Higelces hilde gefrunen, 2953; hfdon gefrunen t..., _had
learned that_ ..., 695; hfde gefrunen hwanan si fh rs, 2404;
healsbega mst ra e ic on foldan gefrgen hbbe, 1197.

from, See fram.

frd, adj.: 1) tate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frd, 2626, 2951;
frd cyning, 1307, 2210; frd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frd, 1725, 2115,
2278; se frda, 2929; ac. sg. frde feorhlege (_the laying down of my old
life_), 2801; dat. sg. frdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong
under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced,
wise_: nom. sg. frd, 1367; frd and gd, 279; on mde frd, 1845.--Comp.:
in-, un-frd.

frfor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frfor, 2942;
acc. sg. frfre, 7, 974; fyrena frfre, 629; frfre and fultum, 1274;
frfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. t frfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frfre, 185.

fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg.
ws se fruma egeslc ledum on lande, sw hyt lungre wear on hyra
sincgifan sre geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible,
its end distressing through the death of Bewulf_), 2310.--2) _he who
stands first, prince_; in comp. dd-, hild-, land-, led-, ord-, wg-fruma.

frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nu ic
ewer sceal frumcyn witan, 252.

frum-gr, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgre (of
Bewulf), 2857.

frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. se e ce
frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind
in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his
birth, 45.

fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] t
gamene, 2942.

ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se ws innan full wrtta
and wra, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weor-ful.

ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.

ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026;
ofer a ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled with
waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfh issum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-, sele-full.

fullstian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic e fullstu, 2669.

fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frfor (frfre) and
fultum, 699, 1274; mgenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp.
mgen-fultum.

fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. we fundia Higelc
scan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.

furum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_:  ic furum weld folce
Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed
the government), 465;  hie t sele furum ... gangan cwmon, 323; ic r
furum cwom t am hringsele, 2010;--_before, previously_: ic e sceal mne
gelstan frede, sw wit furum sprcon, 1708.

furur, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007.

fs, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nu ic eom ses fs,
1476; lefra manna fs, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them,
1917; sigel san fs, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun),
1967; se wonna hrefn fs ofer fgum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft
... feer-gearwum fs, 3120; nom. pl. wron ... eft to ledum fse t
farenne, 1806.--Sometimes fs means _ready for death_, moribundus: fs and
fge, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, t-fs.

fs-lc, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fs-lc f[yrd]-le, 1425;
fyrd-searo fs-lc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fs-lcu, 232.

fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the
dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. t he on fylle wear, _that he came to a
fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hr-fyl.

fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in
comp. l-fylce.

ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fne
gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. fend gefyldan, _they had
slain the enemy_, 2707.

-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan ws frendum
fylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019.

fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrgnod,
1334; gen. sg. ns hie re fylle gefen hfdon, 562; fylle gefgon,
1015.--Comp.: wl-, wist-fyllo.

fyl-wrig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc.
sg. fyl-wrigne, 963.

fyr. See feor.

fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. 
e gif-sceattas Geta fyredon yder t ance, 378.

fyras. See firas.

fyren. See firen.

fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo.

fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_:
dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874

fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. one fyrd-hom, 1505.

fyrd-hrgl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hrgl, 1528.

fyrd-hwt, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate,
1642, 2477.

fyrd-le, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song
fslc f[yrd]leo, 1425.

fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu
fslc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fslcu, 232.

fyrd-wyre, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg.
fyrd-wyre man (Bewulf), 1317.

ge-fyrran (see for), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part.
r ws on foste, eftses georn, frtwum gefyrred, _he was hurried
forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he
hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded
Bewulf), 2785.

fyrmest. See forma.

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old
times_), 1452.

fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fira
fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283), 2287.

fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. r fyrn-gewinnes
(_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690.

fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.

fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many
years_: dat. sg. frdan fyrnwitan, of schere, 2124.

fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. ns hit
lengra fyrst, ac ymb ne niht ..., 134; fyrst for gewt, _the time_ (of
going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; ns r mra fyrst frede t friclan,
2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; ff nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. 
fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., _within the fixed time_,
76.

fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt,
232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.

ge-fsan (fs), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefsed
flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fre
gefsed, _provided with fire_, 2310;  ws hringbogan (of the drake)
heorte gefsed scce t sceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the
question, for what? ge gefsed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_,
631.

fr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fre, 2220; as
instr. fre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fres fm, 185; fres feng, 1765.--
Comp.: d-, bl-, heau-, wl-fr.

fr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru ... fr-bendum fst,
723.

fr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690.

fr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl. (eoforlc)
fh and fr-heard, 305.

fr-leht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517.

fr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm ... frwylmum
fh, 2672.


G

galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-le gle, 2461; inf.
gryre-le galan, 787; bearhtm ongeton, ghorn galan, _heard the clang,
the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433.

-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. t hire on hafelan hringml gl
grdig gle, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon
her head_, 1522.

gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg.
gomban gyldan, 11.

gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen,
1161; gomen, 2460; gomen glebemes, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc.
sg. gamen and gledrem, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp.
heal-gamen.

gamen-w, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous
society_: dat. sg. of gomen-we, 855.

gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. r ws
... gomenwudu grted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grtte, 2109.

gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years,
gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398;
gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. one gomelan,
2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; am gomelan,
2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former
time_: gen. pl. gomelra lfe (_legacy_), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old
times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lfe, 2564; gomel
swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.

gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609.

gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne
mihte ... ganges ge-twman, _could not keep him from going_, 969.--2)
_step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel),
1405; acc. sg. uton hrae fran Grendles mgan gang scewigan, 1392.--Comp.
in-gang.

be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg.
ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer flda begang,
1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flda begong, 1498; siolea bigong,
2368.

gangan. See under gn.

ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes b (i.e. the
sea), 1862.

gd, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bi e wilna gd (_thou shalt have no lack
of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950.

gn, _expanded =_ gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. g  Wyrd sw
hi scel, 455; g eft ... t medo, 605; onne he ... on flett g, 2035;
similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. g r he wille, _let him go whither
he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. g nu t setle, 1783; nu u lungre geong, hord
scewian, under hrne stn, 2744; inf. in gn, _to go in_, 386, 1645 'for
gn, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; at hie him t mihton gegnum
gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; t sele ... gangan cwmon, 324; in
a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge mton gangan ... Hrgr
gesen, 395;  com of mre ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going)
from the fen_, 712; ongen gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go
to the war_, 1035; cwom ... t hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan t, _let us
go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) geng or ging: he t healle
geng, 926; similarly, 2019; se e on orde geng, _who went at the head,
went in front, _3126; on innan ging, _went in_, 2215; he ... ging t s
e he eorsele nne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall,
_2410;  se eling, ging, t he b wealle gest, _then went the prince_
(Bewulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.--2) gang: t healle
gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang  fter flre, _went
along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ...
beforan gengde ..., wong scewian, _went in front to inspect the fields_,
1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, eode (Goth.
iddja): eode ellenrf, t he for eaxlum gestd Deniga fren, 358;
similarly, 403; [wi duru healle Wulfgr eode], _went towards the door of
the hall_, 390; eode Wealhew for, _went forth_, 613; eode t hire fren
sittan, 641; eode yrremd, _went with angry feeling_, 727; eode ... t
sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode ... r se snottra bd, 1313; eode weor
Denum eling t yppan, _the prince_ (Bewulf), _honored by the Danes, went
to the high seat_, 1815; eode ... under inwit-hrf, 3124; pl. r
swferhe sittan eodon, 493; eodon him  tgenes, _went to meet him_,
1627; eodon under Earna ns, 3032.

-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. sw bit gangen
wear eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235.

full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. onne ... sceft nytte
held, feer-gearwum fs flne full-eode, _when the shaft had employment,
furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120.

ge-gn, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his mdor ...
gegn wolde sorhfulne s, 1278; se e gryre-sas gegn dorste, _who dared
to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga
geonga under his mges scyld elne geeode, _went quickly under his kinsman's
shield_, 2677; pl. elne geeodon t s e ..., _went quickly thither where_
..., 1968; pret. part. syan hie t-gdre gegn hfdon, _when they_
(Wglf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; t his aldres ws ende
gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823;  ws endedg gdum
gegongen, t se gcyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) _to obtain, to reach_:
inf. (w. acc.) onne he t ge gegn ence longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid
elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, ns t e cep t gegangenne
gumena nigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... t se byrnwga bgan
sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hfde ... gegongen t, _had attained it, that_
..., 894; hord ys gescewod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to
happen_: pres. sg. III. gif t gegange t ..., _if that happen, that_
..., 1847; pret. sg. t geiode ufaran dgrum hilde-hlmmum, _it happened
in later times to the warriors_ (the Getas), 2201; pret. part.  ws
gegongen guman unfrdum earfolce t, _then it had happened to the young
man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822.

-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. o t hi eodon ... in Hrefnesholt,
2935.

ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. ofereode  elinga bearn
step stn-hlio, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl.
freoo-wong one for ofereodon, 2960.

ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-eode  ides Helminga dugue
and geogoe dl ghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior
and the inferior warriors_, 621.

gr, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg.
gre, 1076; bldigan gre, 2441; gen. sg. gres fliht, 1766; nom. pl.
gras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gr.

gr-cne, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959.

gr-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gr-cwealm
gumena, 2044.

gr-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.

gr-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on
gr-secg, 49, 537; ofer gr-secg, 515.

gr-wga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum
gr-wgan, of Wglf, 2675, 2812.

gr-wgend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl.
gr-wgend, 2642.

gst, gst, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gst (Grendel), 1275;
gen. sg. wergan gstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl.
dyrnra gsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gsta gfrost (_flames consuming
corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, ge-sceaft-gst; ellen-, wl-gst.

gst-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg.
gst-bona, 177.

gdeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_:
gen. sg. gdelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gdelingum, 2950.

t-gdere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod tgdere, 329,
387, 730, 1064.

t-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631.

gst, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gst, 1801; se gst
(the drake), 2313; se grimma gst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc.
sg. gryre-lcne gist (the nixy slain by Bewulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste,
2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gs[tas], 1894.--Comp.: fe-,
gryre-, inwit-, n-, sele-gst (-gyst).

gst-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_:
acc. sg., 995.

ge, conj., _and_, 1341; ge ... ge ..., _as well ... as ..._, 1865; ge ...
ge ..., ge ..., 1249; ge swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259.

ge, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of u, 237, 245, etc.

gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. nra gegn-cwida, 367.

gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, t, ofer, giving the
direction: t hie him t mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go
thither_), 314; gegnum fr [] ofer myrcan mr, _away over the dark moor_,
1405.

gehu, geohu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. gioho mnde, 2268; dat.
sg. on geho, 3096; on giohe, 2794.

gen (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne ws hit lenge  gen, t ..., _it
was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal for sprecan gen ymb Grendel,
_shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; n  r t  gen ...
gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gen is eall t e
lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150;  gen, _then
again_, 2678, 2703; sw he nu gen d, _as he still does_, 2860; furur
gen, _further still, besides_, 3007; nu gen, _now again_, 3169; ne gen, _no
more, no farther_: ne ws t wyrd  gen, _that was no more fate_ (fate no
longer willed that), 735.

gena, _still_: cwico ws  gena, _was still living_, 3094.

genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, s-, sceadu-genga.

gengde. See gn(3).

genge. See -genge.

genunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872.

gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_:
pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret.
sg. gyrede hine Bewulf eorl-gewdum (_dressed himself in the armor_),
1442.

ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him  gegiredan Geta lede
d ... unwclcne, 3138; pret. part. glf ... eall gegyrwed defles crftum
and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. cel
gegyrwan hilde-wpnum and heaowdum, 38; ht him lidan gdne gegyrwan,
_had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike
equipment_: pret. part. syan he hine t ge gegyred hfde, 1473.--3) _to
endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrgl ... golde
gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mdmas ...
golde gegyrede, 1029.

getan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941.

be-gte, adj., _attainable_; in comp. -begte.

geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador tsomne, 491.

on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596.

gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. bman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic song,
incantation, spell_: instr. sg. onne ws t yrfe ... galdre bewunden
(_placed under a spell_), 3053.

gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. t his byre rde giong on galgan, 2447.

gealg-md, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gfre and galgmd, 1278.

gealg-trew, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-trewu[m], 2941.

geard, st. m., _residence_; in Bewulf corresponding to the house-complex
of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in
Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; r he
on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his
dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard.

gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished,
equipped_: nom. sg. t hit wear eal gearo, heal-rna mst, 77; wiht
unhlo ... gearo sna ws, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did
not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca ws on bl gearu,
_was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; ed (is)
eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231;
hrae ws t holme h-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo g-freca,
2415; se si br gearo dre gefned, _let the bier be made ready at once_,
3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwrce, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119,
acc. sg. gearwe stwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.

gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: ne ge ... gearwe ne
wisson, _you do not know at all_ ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe
geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse he gearwe t
..., _he knew very well that_ ..., 2340, 2726; t ic ... gearo scewige
swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as
they are_), 2749; ic wt geare t ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more
readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716.

gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086.

gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feer-gearwe.

geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.

geato-lc, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor,
215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wsa fengel geatolc gengde, _passed
on in a stately manner_, 1402.

geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the
ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: ered-,
gryre-, g-, hilde-, wg-geatwe.

gen (from gegn), adv. in

on-gen, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: t he me ongen sle, 682;
rhte ongen fend mid folme, 748; foran ongen, _forward towards_, 2365.
With dat.: ongen gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035.

t-genes, t-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle tgenes, _towards
Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grp  tgenes, _she grasped at_
(Bewulf), 1502; similarly, him tgenes fng, 1543; eodon him  tgenes,
_went towards him_, 1627; ht  gebedan ... t hie bl-wudu feorran
feredon gdum tgnes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from
far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the
dead Bewulf lay), 3115.

gep, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced ... gep, _the roomy
hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under gepne hrf, 837.--Comp.: horn-, s-gep.

ger, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. gera, in adverbial sense,
olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-gera.

ger-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) ger-dagum, 1,
1355.

geofe. See gifu.

geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_:
nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen getende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg.
geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.

geogo, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoe, 409, 466,
2513; on giogoe, 2427; gen. giogue, 2113.--2) contrasted with dugu, _the
younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires
with the knights): nom. sg. geogo, 66; giogo, 1191; acc. sg. geogoe,
1182; gen. dugue and geogoe, 160; dugue and iogoe (geogoe), 1675, 622.

geogu-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs
in the ranks of the geogo: on geogo- (geogu-) feore, 537, 2665.

geoho. See geho.

geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden
bark_), 2611.

geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced
yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.

geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond isne
middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eoran,
266, 3100; frdon folctogan ... geond wd-wegas, _went along the ways
coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond t sld, _through the hall,
through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.

geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447;
w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gcyning, 1970; dat. sg.
geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on sw geongum feore, _at a so youthful
age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum
and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word,
2818.

georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft ses
georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn.

georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: t him wine-mgas georne hrdon, 66;
georne trwode, 670.--_zealously, eagerly_: shte georne fter grunde,
_eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously_: n
ic him s georne tfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.--_completely,
exactly_: comp. wiste  geornor, 822.

ge, i, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; gi, 2522; i, 2460.

gec, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. gece gefremman, 2675; t him
gst-bona gece gefremede wi ed-reum, 177; gece gelfde, _believed in
the help_ (of Bewulf), 609; dat. sg. t gece, 1835.

gecor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.

ge-man, i-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. i-manna, 3053.

ge-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. i-meowlan, 2932.

gemor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him ws
gemor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; mdes gemor, 2101; fem. t ws gemuru
ides, 1076.

gemore, adv., _sadly_, 151.

gemor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. gimor-gyd, 3151.

gemor-lc, adj., _sad, painful_: sw bi gemorlc gomelum ceorle t
gebdanne t..., _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..._,
2445.

gemor-md, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; gimor-md, 2268.

gemrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. gemrode giddum, 1119.

ge-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. gesceaft
grimme, 1235.

gesceaft-gst, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela
gesceaft-gsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.

getan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen
getende, 1691.

gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel.

gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. r ws ...
gid oft wrecen, 1066; le ws sungen, glemannes gyd, _the song was sung,
the gleeman's lay_, 1161; r ws gidd and gle, 2106; acc. sg. ic is gid
wrc, 1724; gyd wrc, 2109; gyd fter wrc, 2155; onne he gyd wrece,
2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.:
gemor-, word-gid.

giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631.

gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With
subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) _whether_, w. ind.,
272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.

gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).

gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas begas geaf
Denum, 1720; he me [mmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624,
etc.; pret. pl. gefon (hyne) on grsecg, 49; pret. part.  ws Hrgre
here-spd gyfen, 64;  ws gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen,
1679; syan rest wear gyfen ... geongum cempan (_given in marriage_),
1949.

-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware ... gifan, _to give an
answer_, 355; pret. sg. sna him se frda fder htheres ... ondslyht geaf
(_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930.

for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him s lf-fre ... worold-re
forgeaf, 17; m t hm forgeaf Hrel Geta ngan dhtor (_gave in
marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, _granted me land_,
2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mgen-rs forgeaf hilde-bille, _he
gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force,
1520.

of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. t se mra maga Ecgewes
grund-wong one ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589;
pret. sg. s worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrem
ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. ns ofgefon hwate
Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; t  hildlatan holt ofgfan,
_that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg.
pret. for pl. ra e is [lf] ofgeaf, 2252.

gifee, adj., _given, granted_: Gfremmendra swylcum gifee bi t...,
_to such a warrior is it granted that_..., 299; similarly, 2682; sw me
gifee ws, 2492; r me gifee sw nig yrfeweard fter wurde, _if an
heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: ws
t gifee t sw, e one [eden] yder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh
that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfee, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifee.

gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc.
sg. ymb  gifhealle, 839.

gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.

gif-stl, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg.,
2328; acc. sg., 168.

gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift.

gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc.
sg. gimfste gife e him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted
him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfstan gife e him god sealde,
2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena,
1174.--Comp.: mum-, sinc-gifu.

gigant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gigantas, 113; gen. pl. giganta, 1563,
1691.

gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wier-gyld(?).

gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to
pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; he mid gde gyldan wille
uncran eaferan, 1185; we him  ggeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg.
heaorsas geald mearum and mmum, _repaid the battles with horses and
treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald one grs ... Jofore and Wulfe
mid ofermmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great
treasures_, 2992.

an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sre angeald fenrste, _one_
(schere) _paid for the evening-rest with death's pain_, 1252.

-gildan, _to offer one's self_: pret. sg.  me sl geald, _when the
favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly,  him rm geald,
2691.

for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj.
sg. III. alwalda ec gde forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with
good_, 957; inf. one nne hht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_
(killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; he ...
wolde Grendle for-gyldan grsa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many
attacks_, 1578; wolde se la lge forgyldan drinc-ft dre, _the enemy
wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it),
2306; pret. sg. he him s len forgeald, _he gave them the reward
therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hrae wyrsan wrixle
wlhlem one, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969.

gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself
in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. hfde ...
Get-mecga led gilp gelsted (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for
himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp sele ftte begas, _gives
no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; t ic wi one
gflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_,
2529; dat. sg. gylpe wigrpan (_fulfil my promise of battle_),
2522.--Comp. dol-gilp.

gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech,
to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. n ic s gilpe (after a break
in the text), 587; sg. III. morres gylpe, _boasts of the murder_, 2056;
inf. sw ne gylpan earf Grendles maga nig ... uhthlem one, 2007; nealles
folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan orfte, _had no need to boast of his
fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hrsigora ne gealp goldwine Geta, _did
not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the
drake), 2584.

gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a
coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641.

gilp-hlden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has
made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many
combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlden, 869.

gilp-sprc, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat.
sg. on gylp-sprce, 982.

gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_:
gen. pl. gesprc ... gylp-worda sum, 676.

gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven's
jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.

gimme-rce, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rce hord-burh hlea,
466.

gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide,
extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552.

gin-fst, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-fste gife (gim-, on
account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-fstan gife, 2183.

ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in

on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret.  t n ongan fyrene fremman
fend on helle, 100; secg eft ongan s Bewulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; 
t sweord ongan ... wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; Higelc
ongan snne geseldan ... fgre fricgean, _began with propriety to question
his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. n her clcor cuman
ongunnon lindhbbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to
come hither_, 244; pret. part. hbbe ic mra fela ongunnen on geogoe,
_have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409.

gist. See gst.

gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335.

git, pron., _ye two_, dual of u, 508, 512, 513, etc.

git, gyt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957;
nfre git, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513;
_moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867.

gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in

be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147,
2231;  hine wg beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873;
similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit r on e gde be-geton, _good men
received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. t ws Hrgre
hrewa tornost ra e ledfruman lange begete, _the bitterest of the
troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131.

for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. he  forgesceaft forgyte
and forgme, 1752.

an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg.
gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724;
pret. sg. e hine se brga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.--2) _to
grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to
behold_: pres. subj. I. t ic rwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the
ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sl timbred
... ongytan, 308, 1497; Geta clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-earfe
ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat ...
grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl.
bearhtm ongeton, ghorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the
battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syan hie Hygelces horn and bman gealdor
ongeton, 2945.

gfre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gfre and galgmd, of Grendel's
mother, 1278.--Superl.: lg..., gsta gfrost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-gfre.

gtsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gtsa, 1750.

gio-, gi-. See geo-, ge-.

gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladia
gomelra lfe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_
(armor), 2037.

gld, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom.
sg. be wi Getas gld, 1174; acc. sg. gldne Hrgr, 864; gldne
Hrulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frdan, 2026.

glde, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58.

gldnian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367.

gld-md, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786.

gld, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl.
gldum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.

gld-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg.
gld-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651.

glew (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct;
in comp. un-glew.

gle, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and
jest): nom. sg. r ws gidd and gle, 2106.

gle-bem, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen.
sg. gle-bemes, 2264.

gle-drem, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth,
social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and gle-drem, 3022.

gle-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially
with music), harper_: gen. sg. glemannes gyd, 1161.

glitinian (O.H.G. glizinn), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf.
geseah  ... gold glitinian, 2759.

gldan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syan heofones gim gld ofer
grundas, _after heaven's gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had
set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer grsecg, _you glided over the ocean_
(swimming), 515.

t-gldan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret.
g-helm t-gld (Ongenew's helmet was split asunder by the blow of
Eofor), 2488.

glf, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glf hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_,
2086.

gne, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. ns hi ... t gne gifa Geta
ledum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Getas_,
1931.

gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn rowian, 2659.

gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme ... ides
gnornode, 1118.

be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon ...
hlfordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord's fall_, 3180.

god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hlig god, 381, 1554;
witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten
god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.;
gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.

gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold,
_wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759,
2794, 3169; hen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake's cave), 2277;
brd gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019;
fttan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden
golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede),
_provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad,
_adorned with gold_, 778; golde fhne (hrf), _the roof shining with gold_,
928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted
golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen.
sg. goldes, 2302; fttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scran goldes, _of pure gold_,
1695. --Comp. ft-gold.

gold-ht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749.

gold-fh, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced
... gold-fh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fg
scinon web fter wagum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along
the walls_, 995.

gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid
mnne goldgyfan, 2653.

gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom.
sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.

gold-hwt, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: ns he goldhwt,
_he_ (Bewulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the
drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.

gold-mm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-mmas (the treasures of
the drake's cave), 2415.

gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was
distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640,
2084.

gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the
drake), 3082.

gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom.
sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geta,
2420, 2585.

gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. grinc goldwlanc (Bewulf
rewarded with gold by Hrgr on account of his victory), 1882.

gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.

gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.

gd, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864,
2264, 2391, etc.; frd and gd, 279; w. dat. cyning elum gd, _the king
noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum gd, 2544; w. gen. wes u s lrena gd,
_be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction),
269; in weak form, se gda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gdne, 199,
347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gdne, 1487; neut. gd, 1563; dat. sg.
gdum, 3037, 3115; m gdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gde, 2250;  gdan,
1164; acc. pl. gde, 2642; dat. pl. gdum ddum, 2179; gen. pl. gdra
grinca, 2649.--Comp. r-gd.

gd, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gde, 20,
957, 1185; gde mre, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (ryo), 1953;
instr. pl. gdum, 1862.--2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nt he
ra gda, 682.

gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grpum, _in the gripe of the
enemy_ (Bewulf), 766; nom. pl.  graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.

gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma,
1683.

gram-hydig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg.
gromhydig, 1750.

grp, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grpe,
438; on grpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grpe, _all of Grendel's
claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grpum, 766; (as instr.)
grimman grpum, _with grim claws_, 1543.--Comp.: fend-, hilde-grp.

grpian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. t hire
wi halse heard grpode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_,
1567; he ... grpode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086.

grs-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. grsmoldan trd, _went over the
grass-plot_, 1882.

grdig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and grdig, 121,
1500; acc. sg. grdig gle, 1523.

grg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. sc-holt ufan grg, _the ashen wood, gray
above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. grge syrcan, _gray_
(i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334.

grg-ml, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord
Bewulfes gomol and grgml, 2683.

grpe. See t-grpe.

grtan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine sw gdne
grtan, 347; Hrgr grtan, 1647, 2011; ewic grtan ht (_bade me bring
you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grtte Geta led, 626; grtte 
guma erne, 653; Hrgr grtte, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to
seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstl grtan, _take possession
of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; ns se folccyning nig ... e mec
gwinum grtan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd ... se one
gomelan grtan sceolde, 2422; t one sin-scaan gbilla nn grtan
nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804;
pret. sg. grtte goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen)
_greeted the men in the hall_, 615; n he mid hearme ... gstas grtte,
_did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grtte,
_touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. t
u one wlgst wihte ne grtte, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out
the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. t he ne grtte
goldweard one, 3082; pret. part. r ws ... gomenwudu grted, 1066.

ge-grtan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne
gegrtte meaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981;
gegrtte  gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman sie, _spoke then the last time
to each of the men_, 2517.--2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_:
inf. sceal ... manig erne gdum gegrtan ofer ganotes b, _many a one
will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862.

gret, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on grete, 3169.

gretan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. se e fter
sincgyfan on sefan grete, _who laments in his heart for the
treasure-giver_, 1343.

grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.;
weak form, se grimma gst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem,
grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre ge, 527; instr. pl. grimman grpum,
1543.--Comp.: beado-, heao-, heoro-, searo-grim.

grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086.

grim-lc, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlc gry[re-gst], 3042.

grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_:
pret. pl. grummon, 306.

grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in

for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum,
_destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hfde
lgdraca leda fsten ... gldum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the
people's feasts_, 2336;  his gen (scyld) ws gldum forgrunden, _since
his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678.

gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe mces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne
gripe, 1149.--Comp.: fr-, mund-, n-gripe.

grma, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grma.

grm-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grm-helmas,
334.

grpan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grp  tgenes,
_then she caught at_, 1502.

for-grpan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the
grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. t ge forgrp Grendeles mgum, 2354.
wi-grpan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. h
wi am aglcean elles meahte gylpe wi-grpan, _how else I might maintain
my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522.

grwan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhe grew
bresthord bldrew, 1719.

grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands;
_earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. shte ... fter grunde, _sought
along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom,
the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes
grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. t
grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so,
on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, s-grund.

grund-bend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl.
grund-bendra, 1007.

grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of
Grendel's mother), 2137.

grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in am
[grund]sele, 2140.

grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. one
grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772,
2589.

grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg.
grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.

gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429),
st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn.

gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283;
acc. sg. wi Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forswep on Grendles gryre,
_snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_,
478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. sw fela gryra, 592.--Comp.:
fr-, wg-gryre.

gryre-brga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg.
[gryre-]br[]g[a], 2229.

gryre-fh, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fhne (_the
fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] frwylmum fh, 2672), 2577.

gryre-gst, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg.
grimlc gry[regst], 3042; dat. sg. wi am gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.

gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in
hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.

gryre-le, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehrdon
gryrele galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel's cry of agony_), 787.

gryre-lc, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-lcne, 1442, 2137.

gryre-s, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike
expedition: acc. pl. se e gryre-sas gegn dorste, 1463.

guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman,
1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306,
667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena,
73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.

gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes
Geta lede, _people from the nation of the Getas_, 260; dat. pl. fter
gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945.

gum-cyst, st. f., _man's excellence, man's virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.)
gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum
gdne bega bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gd ... hilde-hlemma (Bewulf), 2544.

gum-drem, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-drem ofgeaf
(died), 2470.

gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643.

gum-fa, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402.

gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.

gum-stl, st. m., _man's seat_ [Greek: kat'ezochn] _ruler's seat, throne_:
dat. sg. in gumstle, 1953.

g, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg.
ge, 604; instr. sg. ge, 1998; dat. sg. t (t) ge, 438, 1473. 1536,
2354, etc.; gen. sg. ge, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gum, 1959, 2179;
gen. pl. ga, 2513, 2544.

g-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. g-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on
the Danish coast_), 314.

g-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. gbill, 2585; gen. pl. g-billa
nn, 804.

g-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321.

g-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. fter
g-ceare, 1259.

g-crft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles
g-crft, 127.

g-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg.,
199, 1970, 2336, etc.

g-de, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250.

g-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wi one gflogan (the
drake), 2529.

g-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo
g-freca, of the drake, 2415.

g-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl.
g-fremmendra, 246; g- (gd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_
(meaning Bewulf), 299.

g-gewde, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. g-gewdo, 227; acc.
pl. -gewdu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewda, 2624.

g-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679,
982, 1826.

g-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc.  g-geatwa
(-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ewrum g-geatawum, 395.

g-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488.

g-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433.

g-hr, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820.

g-le, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523.

g-md, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom.
pl. g-mde, 306.

g-rs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl.
g-rsa, 1578, 2427.

g-rew, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58.

g-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119,
1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. g-rinca, 2649.

g-rf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609.

g-sceaa, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake,
2319.

g-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. fter g-sceare,
1214.

g-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat
sg. in m gsele (in Heorot), 443.

g-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328.

g-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155.

g-wrig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. g-wrigne Grendel,
1587.

g-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the
sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. e mec g-winum grtan dorste, _who
dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736.

g-wga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112.

gyd. See gid.

gyfan. See gifan.

gyldan. See gildan.

gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen
gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum bege,
1164.--Comp. eal-gylden.

gylp. See gilp.

gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-)
girt warrior_, 2079.

gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776.

gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. t gyrn-wrce, 1139; gen.
sg.  ws eft hrae gearo gyrn-wrce Grendeles mdor, _then was Grendel's
mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119.

gyrwan. See gerwan.

gystran. See gistran.

gman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III.
gme, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gm! _do not study arrogance_
(despise it), 1761.

for-gman, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. he 
for-gesceaft forgyte and forgme, 1752.

gtsian. See gtsian.

gyt. See git.


H

habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. s ic wn hbbe (_as I
hope_), 383; e ic geweald hbbe, 951; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, _have
on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. u nu [friu]
hafast, 1175; pl. I. habba we ... micel rende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III.
t he rittiges manna mgencrft on his mundgripe hbbe, 381. Blended with
the negative: pl. III. t be S-Getas slran nbben t gecesenne cyning
nigne, _that the Sea-Getas will have no better king than you to choose_,
1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald hsa slest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462,
3018; pret. sg. hfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hfdon, 539.--2) used as an
auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408;
hbbe ic ... gehsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafa, 474, 596;
pret. sg. hfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hfdon, 117,
695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafa dd gefremede,
940; hfde se gda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are
formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hbbend.

for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one's self_: inf. ne meahte wfre md
forhabban in hrere, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the
breast_, 1152; ne mihte  for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610.

wi-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. t se wnsele
wi-hfde heao-derum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_,
773.

hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636,
1781; n u mnne earft hafalan hdan, 446; onne we on orlege hafelan
weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwta helm
hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg.
heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. wg-heafola.

hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. wpen hafenade heard be
hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574.

hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264.

haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. t
hagan, 2893, 2961.

haga, w. m. See n-haga.

hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flsc-, fyrd-, lc-hama, scr-ham
(adj.).

hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lfe
(swords), 2830.

hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; si swre ... hand, _the right
hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657,
687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be
honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.

hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_:
dat. sg. t hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.

hand-gemt, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) olode
r fela hand-gemta, 1527; n t lsest ws hond-gemta, 2356.

hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl.
hond-gesellum, 1482.

hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade,
companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl.
hand-gesteallan, 2597.

hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in
battle: dat. sg. for s hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.

hand-gewrien, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl.
wlbende ... hand-gewriene, 1938.

hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (g-byrne,
lc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced
rings), 322, 551.

hand-rs, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg.
hond-rs, 2073.

hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale
(hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a
spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.

hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen.
pl. hond-wundra mst, 2769.

hangan. See hn.

hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. onne his sunu hanga hrefne to
hrre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer m
(mere) hongia hrmge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf.
hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086.

hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. he one
heao-rinc hatian ne meahte lum ddum (_could not do him any harm_),
2467; pret. sg. h se g-sceaa Geta lede hatode and hnde, 2320.

hd, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. urh hstne hd,
_in a powerful manner_, 1336; on geses hd, _in the position of follower,
as follower_, 1298; on sweordes hd, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See
under on.

hdor, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hdor, 414.

hdor, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwlum sang hdor on
Heorote, 497.

hdre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572.

hl, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hl, 300. With gen.
heao-lces hl, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ...
hl, 407; dat. sg. hlan lce, 1504.

hlig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. hlig god, 381, 1554; hlig dryhten, 687.

hm, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. hm, 1408; Hrgres
hm, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewt him hm, _betook himself home_,
1602; t hm, 124, 374, 2993; fram hm, _at home_, 194; t hm, _at home_,
1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hmes, 2367; acc. pl. hmas, 1128.--Comp.
Finnes-hm, 1157.

hm-weorung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. hm-weorunge
(designation of the daughter of Hygelc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.

hr, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. hr hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under
(ofer) hrne stn, 888, 1416, 2554; hre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail),
2154; dat. sg. hrum hildfruman, 1679; f. on here he (on heaw ... h ...
e, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hres, _of the old man_, 2989.--Comp. un-hr.

ht, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.;
wyrm ht gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc.
sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. htan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heau-fres htes,
2523; acc. pl. hte heao-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: htost heao-swta, 1669.

ht, st. n., _heat, fire_: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... ht rowian,
_saw his lord endure the_ (drake's) _heat_, 2606.

hata, w. m., _persecutor_; in comp. dd-hata.

htan, st. v.: 1) _to bid, to order, to direct_, with acc. and inf., and
acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguegnas mne hte ... flotan ewerne
rum healdan, _I bid my thanes take good care of your craft_, 293; imp. sg.
II. ht in gn ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hta heao-mre hlw
gewyrcean, 2803; inf. t healreced htan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he
wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. hht: hht
... eahta mearas ... on flet ten, _gave command to bring eight horses into
the hall_, 1036; onne nne hht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good
that one with gold_, 1054; hht  t heao-weorc t hagan bidan,
_ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge_(?), 2893; sw se snottra
hht, _as the wise_ (Hrgr) _directed_, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. ht: ht
him lidan gdne gegyrwan, _ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him_,
198; so, ht, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: ht hine wel brcan,
1064; so, 2813; pret. part.  ws hten hrae Heort innan-weard folmum
gefrtwod, _forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside_
(i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.--2)
_to name, to call_: pres. subj. III. pl. t hit slend ... htan
Biwulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it Bewulf's grave-mound_, 2807;
pret. part. ws se grimma gst Grendel hten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.

ge-htan, _to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten_: pres. sg.
I. ic hit e gehte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me mde geht, _promised
me reward_, 2135; him fgre geht lena (gen. pl.), _promised them proper
reward_, 2990; wen oft geht earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the
unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. gehton t hrgtrafum wig-weorunga, _vowed
offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; onne we gehton ssum hlforde
t ..., _when we promised our lord that_..., 2635; pret. part. si gehten
[ws] ... gladum suna Frdan, _betrothed to the glad son of Froda_, 2025.

htor, st. m. n., _heat_: in comp. and-htor.

hft, adj., _held, bound, fettered_: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle hftan,
_him fettered by hell_ (Grendel), 789.

hft-mce, st. m., _sword with fetters_ or _chains_ (cf. fetel-hilt): dat.
sg. m hft-mce, 1458. See Note.

hg-steald, st. m., _man, liegeman, youth_: gen. pl. hg-stealdra, 1890.

hle, st. m., _man_: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. hle, 720; dat.
pl. hlum (hnum, MS.), 1984.

hle, st. m., _hero, fighter, warrior, man_: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070;
nom. pl. hle, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. hleum 1710, 1962, etc.;
gen. pl. hlea, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc.

hrg. See hearg.

h, st. f., _heath_: dat. sg. he, 2213.

hen, adj., _heathenish_; acc. sg. hene swle, 853; dat. sg. hnum
horde, 2217; gen. sg. henes, _of the heathen_ (Grendel), 987; gen. pl.
henra, 179.

h-stapa, w. m., _that which goes about on the heath_ (stag): nom. sg.,
1369

hl, st. f.: 1) _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. him hl bed, 654; mid
hle, 1218.--2) _favorable sign, favorable omen_: hl scewedon, _observed
favorable signs_ (for Bewulf's undertaking), 204.

hlo, st. f., _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. hlo bed heor-genetum,
2419.--Comp. un-hlo.

hst (O.H.G. haister hant, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo,
iracunde), adj., _violent, vehement_: acc. sg. urh hstne hd, 1336.

he, fem. he, neut. hit, pers. pron., _he, she, it_; in the oblique cases
also reflexive, _himself, herself, itself_: acc. sg. hine, h, hit; dat.
sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. h, hig, hie;
dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68,
300, 2309, 2345.

hebban, st. v., _to raise, to lift_, w. acc.: inf. sian ic hond and rond
hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; hfen, 3024.

-hebban, _raise, to lift from, to take away_: ws ... icge gold hafen of
horde, _taken up from the hoard_, 1109;  ws ... wp up hafen, _a cry of
distress raised_, 128

ge-hegan [ge-hgan], w. v., _to enclose, to fence_: ing gehegan, _to mark
off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... na gehegan
ing wi yrse (_shall alone decide the matter with Grendel_), 425.

hel, st. f., _hell_: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle,
101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275.

hel-bend, st. m. f. _bond of hell_: instr. pl. hell-bendum fst, 3073.

hel-rna, w. m., _sorcerer_: nom. pl. helrnan, 163.

be-helan, st. v., _to conceal, to hide_: pret. part. be-holen, 414.

helm, st. m.: 1) _protection in general, defence, covering that protects_:
acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) _helmet_: nom. sg., 1630;
acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brn-fgne,
gold-fhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg.
helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) _defence, protector_,
designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrgr), 371, 456, 1322;
acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm
Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: grm-, g-, heao-, niht-helm.

ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., _to cover over, to overhang_: pres. sg. III.
ofer-helma, 1365.

helm-berend, pres. part., _helm-wearing_ (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend,
2518, 2643.

helpan, st. v., _to help_: inf. t him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind
wi lge, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against
flame_, 2341; t him renna ecge mihton helpan t hilde, 2685; wutun
gangan to, helpan hildfruman, _let us go thitherto help the battle-chief_,
2650; w. gen. ongan ... mges helpan, _began to help my kinsman_, 2880; so,
pret. sg. r he his mges (MS. mgenes) healp, 2699.

help, m. and f., _help, support, maintenance_: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553;
dat. sg. t helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449.

hende, _-handed_: in comp. del-hende.

her, adv., _here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither_,
244, 361, 376.

here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., _army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, _in the
army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_,
2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.

here-brga, w. m., _terror of the army, fear of war_: dat. sg. for
here-brgan, 462.

here-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg., 1444.

here-grma, w. m., _battle-mask_, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg.
-grman, 396, 2050, 2606.

here-net, st. n., _battle-net_, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings):
nom. sg., 1554.

here-n, st. m., _battle-enmity, battle of armies_: nom. sg., 2475.

here-pd, st. f., _army-dress_, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259.

here-rinc, st. m., _army-hero, hero in battle, warrior_: acc. sg. here-rinc
(MS. here ric), 1177.

here-sceaft, st. m., _battle-shaft_, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta
hep, 335.

here-spd, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64.

here-strl, st. m., _war-arrow, missile_: nom. sg., 1436.

here-syrce, w. f., _battle-shirt, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. here-syrcan,
1512.

here-wd, st. f., _army-dress, coat of mail, armor_: dat. pl. (as instr.)
here-wdum, 1898.

here-wsma, w. m., _war-might, fierce strength in battle_: dat. pl. an
here-wsmum, 678.--Leo.

here-wsa, w. m., _leader of the army_, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.

herg, hearg, st. m., _image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped_,
hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaerod,
_confined in wicked places_ (parallel with hell-bendum fst), 3073.

herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with
an army_: pres. sg. I. ic e wel herige, 1834.--Leo.

hete, st. m., _hate, enmity_: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, moror-,
wg-hete.

hete-lc, adj., _hated_: nom. sg., 1268.

hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), _enemy_, hostis: nom.
pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wi hettendum, 3005.

hete-n, st. m., _enmity full of hate_: acc. pl. hete-nas, 152.

hete-sweng, st. m., _a blow from hate_: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.

hete-anc, st. m., _hate-thought, a hostile design_: dat. pl. mid his
hete-ancum, 475.

hdan, ge-hdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) _to protect_: pret. sg. ne hdde he s
heafolan, _did not protect his head_, 2698.--2) _to obtain_: subj. pret.
sg. III. gehdde, 505.

hrian, w. v. w. acc., _to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, _to
adore_: inf. heofena helm hrian ne con, _could not worship the defence
of the heavens_ (God), 182; ne hru Hildeburh hrian orfte Eotena trewe,
_had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens_, 1072; pres. subj. t
mon his wine-dryhten wordum hrge, 3177.

ge-heaerian, w. v., _to force, to press in_: pret. part. ge-heaerod,
3073.

heao-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, shirt of mail_: nom. sg., 1553.

heao-der, adj., _bold in battle, brave_: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl.
heao-derum, 773.

heao-fyr, st. n., _battle-fire, hostile fire_: gen. sg. heau-fres, 2523;
instr. pl. heao-frum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing.

heao-grim, adj., _grim in battle_, 548.

heao-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet, war-helmet_: nom. sg., 3157(?).

heao-lc, st. n., _battle-play, battle_: dat. sg. t heao-lce, 584; gen.
sg. heao-lces hl, 1975.

heao-mre, adj., _renowned in battle_: acc. pl. -mre, 2803.

heao-rs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force_:
nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -rsas, 1048; gen. pl. -rsa, 526.

heao-ref, st. n., _battle-dress, equipment for battle_: acc. sg.
heao-ref heldon (_kept the equipments_), 401.

heao-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: acc. sg. one heao-rinc
(Hrel's son, Hcyn), 2467; dat. pl. m heao-rincum, 370.

heao-rf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heao-rfe,
865.

heao-scearp, adj., _sharp in battle, bold_: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.),
2830.

heao-sec, adj., _battle-sick_: dat. sg. -sicum, 2755.

heao-step, adj., _high in battle, excelling in battle_: nom. sg. in weak
form, heao-stepa, 1246; acc. sg. heao-stepne, 2154, both times of the
helmet.

heao-swt, st. m., _blood of battle_: dat. sg. heao-swte, 1607; as
instr., 1461; gen. pl. htost heao-swta, 1669.

heao-sweng, st. m., _battle-stroke_ (blow of the sword): dat. sg. fter
heau-swenge, 2582.

heao-torht, adj., _loud, clear in battle_: nom. sg. stefn ... heao-torht,
_the voice clear in battle_, 2554.

heao-wd, st. f., _battle-dress, coat of mail, armor_: instr. pl.
heao-wdum, 39.

heao-weorc, st. n., _battle-work, battle_: acc. sg., 2893.

heao-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hte heao-wylmas,
2820; gen. pl. heao-wylma, 82.

heaf, st. n., _sea_: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note.

heafola. See hafela.

heal, st. f., _hall, main apartment, large building_ (consisting of an
assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall,
487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010,
1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.

heal-rn, st. n., _hall-building, hall-house_: gen. sg. heal-rna, 78.

heal-gamen, st. n., _social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy_: nom. sg.,
1067.

heal-reced, st. n., _hall-building_: acc. sg., 68.

heal-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_ (at the banquet): dat. pl.
heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.

heal-egn, st. m., _hall-thane_, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen.
sg. heal-egnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-egnas, of Bewulfs band,
720.

heal-wudu, _hall-wood_, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318.

healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl.
h  stnbogan ... ce eorreced innan heldon (MS. healde), _how the
arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg.,
with a person as object: held hine to fste, _held him too fast_, 789; w.
the dat. he him frendlrum held, _supported him with friendly advice_,
2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to
maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal u hit geyldum
healdest, mgen mid mdes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously,
strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healde hige-mum hefod-wearde,
_holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald for tela
niwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald
(heold, MS.) u nu hruse ... eorla hte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the
noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. se e holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch
the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... rum healdan, _to keep well your
vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlton eorla gestren eoran healdan,
3168; pres. part. drem healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art
rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. held hine syan fyr and fstor, _kept himself
afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; gwearde held, _I have (hitherto)
kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hild heh-lufan wi hlea brego,
_preserved high love_, 1955; ginfstan gife ... held, 2184; gold-mmas
held, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; held mn tela,
_protected well mine own_, 2738; onne ... sceft ... nytte held, _had
employment, was employed_, 3119; held mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me
up, 2431; pret. pl. heao-ref heldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg.
for pl. hefodbeorge ... walan tan held, _outwards, bosses kept guard
over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two
following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif u healdan
wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. held, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to
possess, to inhabit_: inf. lt one brego-stl Bewulf healdan, 2390;
gerund. t healdanne hleburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. held, 103, 161, 466,
1749, 2752; lyftwynne held nihtes hwlum, _at night-time had the enjoyment
of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Geta lede hrewic heldon, _the Getas held
the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. r he r mste
held worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly
joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon heh gesceap,
_we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085.

be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. egn
nytte beheld, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to
hold_: pret. sg. se e flda begong ... beheld, 1499.--3) _to look at, to
behold_: ryswy beheld mg Higelces h ..., _great woe saw H.'s
kinsman, how ..._, 737.

for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret.
part. hfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the
defender of the Scylfings_, 2382.

ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. se e
waldendes hyldo gehealde, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres.
subj. fder alwalda ... ewic gehealde sa gesunde, _keep you sound on
your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte he ... on am frum-gre feorh gehealdan,
_could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to
preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hsa
slest, 659; inf. gehealdan ht hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he frtwe
geheld fela missera, 2621; one e r geheld wi hettendum hord and rce,
_him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf.
folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheld tela (brde rce), 2209.

healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on  healfe, _towards this
side_, 1676; dat. sg. hleum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc.
pl. on tw healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on b healfa (healfe),
_on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both
sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_,
801.

healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.

heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wi halse, 1567; be
healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives fmig-, wunden-heals.

heals-beh, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. one heals-beh, 2173;
gen. pl. heals-bega, 1196.

heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS.
healsgebedda), 63.

healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. 
se eden mec ... healsode hreh-md t..., _entreated me sorrowful,
that_..., 2133.

heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom.
sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401,
1964; se hearda egn, 2978; es hearda hep, 432; nom. pl. hearde
hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran
hle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wges heard, _strong in battle_, 887;
dat. sg. na heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm,
sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (g-byrne, lc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak
form: masc. here-strl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net
hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl.
hearde ... homera lfe, 2830; heard and hring-ml Heaobeardna gestren,
2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh,
hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrht ...
heard, 2915; here-n hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591;
instr. sg. heardan cepe, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964,
1336; gen. pl. heardra hna, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan,
576.--Comp.: fr-, ren-, n-, regn-, scr-heard.

hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439.

heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289.

heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne,
2246.--Leo.

heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl.
-hicgende, 394, 800.

hearg-trf, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. t hrg-trafum
(MS. hrrg trafum), 175.

hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.

hearm-sceaa, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg.
hearm-scaa, 767.

hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan swg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne
(wyn), 2108, 2263.

heu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. heu, 1863?

heu-lend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -lende, 1799;
dat. pl. -lendum (designation of the Getas), 2956.

hefod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. hefde, 1591, 2291,
2974; dat. pl. hefdum, 1243.

hefod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg.
hefod-beorge, 1031.

hefod-mg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl.
hefod-mgum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. hefod-mga, 2152.

hefod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153.

hefod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healde ... hefod-wearde
lefes and les, _for the friend and the foe_ (Bewulf and the drake, who
lie dead near each other), 2910.

heh, he, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. heh
Healfdene, 57; he (Higelc), 1927; heh (sele), 82; heh hlw, 2806, 3159;
acc. sg. heh (segn), 48, 2769; hehne (MS. henne) hrf, 984; dat. sg. in
(t) sele am hen, 714, 920; gen. sg. hen hses, 116.--_high, heavy_:
acc. heh gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085.

he-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128.

heh-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg.
-cyninges (of Hrgr), 1040.

heh-gestren, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestrena, 2303.

heh-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. heh-lufan, 1955.

heh-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_:
dat. sg. heh-sele, 648.

heh-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088.

heh-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on heh-stede,
285.

hen, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100,
2184, 2409.

hep, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. egna hep, 400; es hearda
hep, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta hep, _the crowd of
spears_, 335; mago-rinca hep, 731; dat. sg. on hepe, _in a compact body_,
as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wg-hep.

hewan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801.

ge-hewan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-hewe, 683.

heou, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. t he on heoe
gestd, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404.

heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg.
heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under
heofenum, 52, 505.

heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. htan
heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.

heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.

heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.

heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.

heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.

heor-genet, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in
whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heor-genetas, 261,
3181; acc. pl. heor-genetas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heor-genetum, 2419.

heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370.

heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. t heortan, 2271; gen. sg.
heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives bl-, grom-, rm-,
stearc-heort.

heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bndan), 1286. In
some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here-
(see here).

heoro-blc, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg.
[heoro-]blc, 2489.

heoru-drer, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-drere, 487;
heoro-drere, 850.

heoro-drerig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg.
heoro-drerigne, 1781, 2721.

heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr.
pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the
sword, 2359.

heoro-gfre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499.

heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem.
-grimme, 1848.

heoro-hcihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl.
mid eofer-spretum heoro-hcyhtum, 1439.

heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.

heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591.

heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake,
2782. See weallian.

heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the
sword_: nom. sg., 1268.

hefan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hifende, 3143.

-heran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brd herde, 2931.

here, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis t heru
stw, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-here (-hre).

hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.

ofer-higian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_,
2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.)

hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild
heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through
combat_, 2917; dat. sg. t hilde, 1461.

hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg.
hilde-bille, 557, 1521.

hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl.
-bordum, 3140.

hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl.
-cystum, 2599.

hilde-der, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835,
1647, 1817; hilde-dir, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-dere, 3171.

hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg.
hild-frecan, 2367.

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_:
acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.

hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the
sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.

hilde-grp, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.

hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg.,
2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft t ge-eode ... hilde-hlmmum, _it happened to the
warriors_ (the Getas), 2202.

hilde-lema, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the
fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -leman, 2584.--2) _the
gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -leman, 1144.

hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.

hilde-mce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -mceas, 2203.

hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.

hllde-rs, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300.

hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125,
3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.

hilde-sd, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_:
acc. sg. hilde-sdne, 2724.

hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156.

hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.

hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114.

hilde-swt, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. ht hilde-swt (the hot, damp
breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.

hilde-tux, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, 1512.

hilde-wpen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -wpnum, 39.

hilde-wsa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes
hildewsan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnf), 1065.

hild-freca. See hilde-freca

hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg.
s hild-fruman, 2836.

hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. 
hild-latan, 2847.

hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. t hilt,
1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc.  hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be
hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoen-hilt.

hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023.

hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard
swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988.

hin-fs, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge ws him hinfs (i.e. he felt
that he should not survive), 756.

hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman se, _the
last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518.

hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg.
folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the
guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of
glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles
hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506;
folces hyrde, 1850; frtwa hyrde, 3134; rces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hses
hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde.

hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. enden hyt s, 2650.

hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bl hladan lefne mannan,
_lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and
discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_,
2776; pret. part. r ws wunden gold on wn hladen, _laid upon the wain_,
3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part.  ws ... sgep naca hladen
herewdum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hlden.

ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. sbt gehld (MS
gehleod), 896.

hlford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg.
hlforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlfordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlford.

hlford-les; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlford-lese, 2936.

hlw, hlw, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg.
for hlwe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill),
_cave_: acc. sg. hlw [under] hrusan, 2277; hlw under hrusan, 2412; dat.
sg. on hlwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former
owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.

hlst, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hlste, 52.

hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, uht-,
wl-hlem.

hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma.

-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his md
hlg, _his mood exulted_, 731.

hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.

hlepan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hlepan lton ...
fealwe mearas, 865.

-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. hlep, 1398.

hleou. See hli.

hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. o t he ...
fyrgen-bemas ofer hrne stn hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees
hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416.

hle, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative
designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wgendra hle, of Hrgr,
429; of Sigemund, 900; of Bewulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hle, of Hrgr,
1036, 1867; of Bewulf, 792; of Hygelc, 2191.

hle-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732.

hleor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980.

hler, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. fted-hler (adj.).

hler-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down
over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hler-beran (_visor_?), 304.

hler-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689.

hletan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg.
feorh-wunde hlet, 2386.

hlifian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret.
hlifade, 81, 1800, 1899.

hli, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hlie, 3159;
gen. sg. hlies, 1893; pl. hlio in composition, stn-hlio; hleou in the
compounds fen-, mist-, ns-, wulf-hleou.

hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has
cronk-bed), st. n., [Greek: klinidion], _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc.
sg. hlim-bed, 3035.

t-hldan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl.
t-hlidene, 1000.

hld, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. drem ... hldne, 89.

hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612.

hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the
voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.

hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.

hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. ns  on hlytme, hw t hord strude, _it
did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession
was decided, 3127.

hnh, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hngran, 678; dat. sg.
hnhran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly
intimate_: nom. sg. ns hi hnh sw eh, _was nevertheless not familiarly
intimate_ (with the Getas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them),
(_niggardly_?), 1930.

hngan, w. v. w. acc., (for ngan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. t
he one wsan wordum hngde fren Ingwina, 1319.

ge-hngan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret.
sg. ge-hngde helle gst, 1275; r hyne Hetware hilde gehngdon, 2917.

hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of
hostile bands: pret. pl. onne hniton (hnitan) fan, 1328, 2545.

homa, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in
homan, 2459.

hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg.
hof (Hrgr's residence), 312; dat. sg. t hofe snum (Grendel's home in
the sea), 1508; t hofe (Hygelc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu,
2314; dat. pl. t hofum Geta, 1837.

hogode. See hycgan.

hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w.
dat. of the person, hold weorod fren Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to
the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelce ws ...
nefa swe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Bewulf) _very much attached_,
2171; acc. sg. urh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable
mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.

hold. See healdan.

holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633;
dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. wg-holm.

holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on am holm-clife, 1422; from m
holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.

holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.

holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt,
2847.--Comp.: sc-, fyrgen-, gr-, Hrefnes-holt.

holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) =
_forest_: acc. sg., 1370.

hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bega hord,
2285; mma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774,
2956, 3057; swle hord, 2423; t hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for
horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; hnum horde,
2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: beh-, brest-, word-, wyrm-hord.

hord-rn, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat.
hord-rne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-rna, 2280.

hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's),
_ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467.

hord-gestren, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl.
hord-gestrenum, 1900; gen. pl. mgen-byrenne hord-gestrena, _the great
burden of rich treasures_, 3093.

hord-mum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum,
MS.), 1199.

hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg.
hord-welan, 2345.

hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king:
nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303,
2555, 2594.

hord-weorung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc.
sg.--weorunge, 953.

hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne,
2271.

horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum,
1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. g-horn.

horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.

horn-gep, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the
gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heh and horn-gep, 82.

horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of
a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall,
Heorot, p. 44.

hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400.

hciht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hciht.

be-hfian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nu is se dg
cumen at re man-dryhten mgenes behfa gdra grinca, _now is the day
come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648.

on-hhsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. t onhhsnode Heminges mg (on
hohsnod, MS.), 1945.

hlinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077.

be-hn, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.

hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in
the compounds fen-, mr-hop.

hs (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. mga
hse, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925.

hre, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.;
hrae, 1438; hree, 992; compar. hraor, 543.

hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.

hran-rd, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rde, 10.

hr, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589.

hr-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277.

hrdlce, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964.

hrfn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802;
se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.

hrgl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrgles,
1218; gen. pl. hrgla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrgl.

hree. See hrae.

hreer, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreer inne well _(it surged in
his breast_), 2114; hreer me well, 2594; dat. sg. in hrere, 1152; of
hrere, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. t ws
... hrere hygeme, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer,
Hcyn), 2443; on hrere, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. urh hrera gehygd,
2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hrere, parallel with aldre,
1447.

hreer-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely
felt_: acc. sg., 1344.

hrefn. See hrfn.

hr, st. f., _glory_; in composition, g-hr; _renown, assurance of
victory_, in sige-hr.

hre, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hr (on account of the
following t, final _e_ is elided, as wnic for wne ic, 442; frfor and
fultum for frfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933),
2576.

hr-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hr-sigora, 2584.

hrmig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. he hrmig, 124;
since hrmig, 1883; frtwum hrmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrmge
orfton (sc. wesan) fe-wges, 2365.

on-hrran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrred, 549,
2555.

hre-wc, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. Geta lede hre-wc
heldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215.

hred, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hred. See hrean.

hrem, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303.

hrea, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hrea.

hrean, ge-hrean, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part.
hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023;  ws heal hroden
fenda feorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_,
1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: beg-,
gold-hroden.

hreh, hrew, hre, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad,
troubled_: nom. sg. (Bewulf) hreh and heoro-grim, 1565; t am gdan ws
hrew on hrere, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_),
2329; hre wron a, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; ns him
hreh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hren mde, _of sad
heart_, 1308; on hreum mde, _angry at heart_, 2582.

hreh-md, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297.

hresan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hres, 2489, 2832;
pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron
him teras, _tears burst from him_, 1873.

be-hresan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl.
fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which
the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.

hrew, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. t ws Hrgre hrewa
tornost, _that was to Hrgr the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130.

hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. one hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810;
acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt
of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring,
2261.--Comp. bn-hring.

hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl.
byrnan hringdon, 327.

hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg.
hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.

hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc.
sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.

hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_
(cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Fri-iofs saga, I:
orsteinn tti skip at er Ellidi ht, ... borit war spengt iarni): nom.
sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.

hring-ren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322.

hring-ml, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked
with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?);
nom. pl. heard and hring-ml Heaobeardna gestren (_rich armor_), 2038.

hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863.

hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg.,
2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.

hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which
rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.

hring-weorung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorunge, 3018.

hrnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. t him heardra
nn hrnan wolde ren rgd (_that no good sword of valiant men would make
an impression on him_), 989; him for hrf-sele hrnan ne mehte frgripe
fldes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the
hall-roof_), 1516; t am hring-sele hrnan ne mste gumena nig _(so that
none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. sian he hire folmum
[hr]n (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723;  t dees wylm
hrn t heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. eh e him wund
hrne (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrna, _sonare,
clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrnde bearwas (for
hrnende) 1364; but see Note.

hroden. See hrean.

hron-fix. See hran-fix.

hror, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne t hrre, 2449; gen. pl.
hrra, 2172.

hrf, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under
Heorotes hrf, 403; under gepne hrf, 838; geseah stepne hrf (here
_inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer hehne hrf, 984; ymb s helmes
hrf, 1031; under beorges hrf, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrf.

hrf-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrf-sele, 1516.

hrr, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of m hrran,
1630.--Comp. fela-hrr.

hruron. See hresan.

hruse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrusan, 773,
2832; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412.

hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer wteres hrycg (_over the water's back,
surface_), 471.

hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681,
3006.--Comp.: led-, wg-hryre.

hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon
(_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226.

hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.

hund, num., _hundred_: re hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missera, 1499;
hund senda landes and locenra bega, 2995.

h, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.

hu, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. he, 124.

hru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072,
1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121.

hs, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. hses, 116; gen. pl. hsa slest (Heorot),
146, 285, 659, 936.

hwan, adv., _whither_: t hwan syan wear hondrs hlea (_what issue the
hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072.

hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.

hw, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hw, 52, 2253, 3127;
neut. hwt, 173; nes hwt (_a part only_), 3011; hwt  men wron (_who
the men were_), 233, etc.; hwt syndon ge searo-hbbendra (_what armed men
are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wi manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155;
neut. urh hwt, 3069; hwt wit ge sprcon, 1477; hwt ... hno (gen.),
fr-na (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwt u worn fela (_how
very much thou_), 530; swylces hwt, 881; hwt ... rna, 1187; dat. m.
hwm, 1697.--Comp. g-hw.

hwt, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249.

ge-hw, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wi fenda gehwone,
294; na gehwane, 2398; mca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem,
on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dgora gehwm, 88; t na gehwm, 883;
egna gehwm, 2034; eorla gehwm, 1421; fem. in mga ge-hwre, 25; nihta
gehwm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehws, 2528; fem. dda gehws, 2839.

hwr. See hwr.

hwder. See hwider.

hwer, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwer ... uncer twega, 2531; sw
hwer, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on sw hwere hond sw him gemet ince,
687.--Comp. g-hwer.

ge-hwer, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. ws gehwer rum
lifigende l, 815; ws ... gehwer rum hrra gemyndig, 2172; ne
gehwer incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwer ra
(_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora
gehwrum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwres, 1044.

hwer, hwere, hwre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwre, 555, 891,
1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwre sw eh, _however, notwithstanding_,
2443; hwere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwre,
1315; hwer, 1357, 2786.

hwt, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg.
hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643,
3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwt.

hwt. See hw.

hwr, adv., _where_: elles hwr, _elsewhere_, 138; hwr, _somewhere_, 2030.
In elliptical question: wundur hwr onne..., _is it a wonder when...?_
3063.--Comp. -hwr.

ge-hwr, _everywhere_: eh u heao-rsa gehwr dohte (_everywhere good in
battle_), 526.

hwele. See hwyle.

hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591.

hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. sw in sefa hwette (_as
thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerfne (_they
whetted the brave one_), 204.

hwne, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700.

hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.

hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres.
pl. ra e cwice hwyrfa, 98; inf. hwlum he on lufan lte hworfan monnes
md-geonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts
of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes mt ... monna ghwylc del hweorfan (_of
rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. fder
ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf  hrdlce r Hrgr st,
356; hwearf  b bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf 
be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond t reced, 1982; hlw oft ymbe hwearf (_went
oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles fter lyfte lcende hwearf (_not at all
through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, r he on weg
hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264.

and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg.  t ... noran wind
heao-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_),
548.

t-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwlum he on beorh t-hwearf (_at times
returned to the mountain_), 2300.

ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf  in Francna fm feorh
cyninges, 1211; hit on ht gehwearf ... Denigea fren, 1680; so, 1685,
2209.

geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall
geond-hwearf, 2018.

hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwder (hwer, MS.), 1332.

hwl, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. ws se hwl micel (_it was a
long time_), 146;  ws hwl dges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg.
hwle, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwle, _a
long while_, 16, 2781; ne hwle, _a while_, 1763; lytle hwle, _brief
space_, 2031, 2098; nige hwle, _any while_, 2549; lssan hwle, _a lesser
while_, 2572; dat. sg. r dges hwle, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl.
nihtes hwlum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_:
hwlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwlum ... hwlum,
2108-9-10.--Comp.: dg-, gescp-, orleg-, sige-hwl.

hwt, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwta helm, 1449.

hworfan. See hweorfan.

hwpan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hwep, 2269.

hwyder. See hwider.

hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaa ic nt hwylc,
274; fem, hwylc orleghwl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sgeta sas wron,
1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne sw
hwylc mga sw one magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_),
944; neut. onne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat.
sg. efne sw hwylcum manna sw him gemet hte, 3058.--Comp.: g-, nt-,
wel-hwylc.

ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc,
986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148;
fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dgra gehwylce, 1091;
so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga
gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces,
733, 1397, 2095.

hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scra
(_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft.

hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic t hogode t ...
(_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-,
sw-, anc-, ws-hycgend.

for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic t
onne for-hicge t ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435.

ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg.  u ... feorr gehogodest
scce scean, 1989.

ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode  hringa fengel t he one
wdflogan weorode geshte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_),
2346.

hydig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. n-, bealo-,
grom-, n-, rst-hydig.

ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. urh hrera gehygd,
2046.--Comp.: brest-, md-gehygd, won-hyd.

hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594;
acc. sg. urh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.

hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum
fst, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879.

hyge-gemor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-gimor, 2409.

hyge-me, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2)
_life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-mum (-mum, MS.), 2910.

hyge-rf, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerf], 403;
acc. sg. hige-rfne, 204.

hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.

hyge-yhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-ihtigne (of
Bewulf), 747. See yhtig.

hyge-rym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for
hige-rymmum, 339.

hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.

ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo.

hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde
hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689.

hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068,
2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.

-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. -hyrded, 1461.

hyrde. See hirde.

hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste
(Ongenew's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr.
pl. hyrstum, 2763.

hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm
[hyr]sted golde, 2256.

hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne
hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.

hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.

hyt. See hit.

hdan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hde
[hine, _himself_] se e wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. n u mnne earft
hafalan hdan, 446; r he in wille hafelan [hdan] (_ere in it he_ [the
stag] _will hide his head_), 1373.

ge-hdan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehdde, 2236, 3060.

h, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. t he, 32.

h-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915.

hnan (see hen), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg.
hnde, 2320.

hnu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hnu, 277; gen.
sg. hwt ... hno, 475; fela ... hno, 594; gen. pl. heardra hna, 166.

hran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.:
I. pret. sg. hrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. t he fram
Sigemunde secgan hrde, 876; I. pl. sw we slce secgan hrdon, 273. b)
w. acc.: nnigne ic ... slran hrde hordmum (_I heard of no better
hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hrde ic t ...,
62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf.  t him ghwylc
ra ymbsittendra hran scolde, 10; hran heao-sicum, 2755; Pret. pl. t
him winemgas georne hrdon, 66.

ge-hran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mnne gehra
nfealdne geht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehrde on Bewulfe fstrdne geht,
610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehrdon, 786. c) w. depend.
clause: I. pres. sg. ic t gehre t ..., 290.


I

ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. mn; dual nom. wit, acc.
uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. sic, s, dat. s, gen.
ser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.

icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit , = dominare, imperare, O.H.G.
ht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Krner.

ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat.
sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg.
idese, 1352.

in. See inn.

in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_:
in geardum, 13, 2460; in m gsele, 443; in bersele, 2636; so, 89, 482,
589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mga gehwre, 25; in strum, 87; in
Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror,
war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in num (_in
one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on,
upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstle, 1953; in am wongstede
(_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in blstede, 3098.
Temporal: in ger-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in,
into_: in woruld, 60; in fres fm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936.
Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in  tde (in watide, MS.), 2228.

II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191,
2228; inn, 3091.

incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lfe (_with the
costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lfe, _edge
of the sword_.--K. Krner?]

in-frd, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frdum, 1875.

in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550.

in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.

in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg.,
1156.

inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301.

innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the
interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; r on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on
innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: r on innan, 2090, 2215,
2245.

innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.

inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne
bed (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in
it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; r inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227,
3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867.

inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in

inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg.,
1448.

inwit-gst, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671.

inwit-hrf, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg.
under inwit-hrf, 3124.

inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168.

inwit-n, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl.
inwit-nas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-na,
1948.

inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg.
eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.

inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. urh inwit-searo,
1102. See searo.

inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile
cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.

inwit-anc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. he onfng hrae
inwit-ancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749.

irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to_, occur_:
pret. sg him on md be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67.

on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sna onarn, 722.

irre-md, adj. See yrre-md.




del, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen.
lond-rihtes re mgburge del (_deprived of his land-possessions among the
people_ [of the Getas]), 2889.

del-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082.

ren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlc ren (_the doughty, lordly
sword_), 893; ren r-gd, 990; acc. sg. leflc ren, 1810; gen. pl. rena
cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; renna cyst, 803; renna ecge (_edges of
swords_), 2684.

ren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg ws ren, 1460.

ren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. ren-bendum fst
(bold), 775, 999.

ren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. ren-byrnan, 2987. See
sern-byrne.

ren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113.

renne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-renne.

ren-ret, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330.

s, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. se, 1609.

sern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. sern-byrnan, 672. See
ren-byrne.

sern-scr, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. one e oft
gebd sern-scre, 3117.

s-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. s-gebinde, 1134.

sig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. sig (said of a
vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo.

IO IU

i. See ge.

i-man. See ge-man.

i-mewle. See ge-mewle.


L

lau, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: frend-, ned-lau.

ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_:
pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wtere gelafede, 2723.

lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631.

lagu-crftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-crftig mon
(_pilot_), 209.

lagu-strt, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strte, 239.

lagu-strem, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-stremas,
297.

land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond,
2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat.
sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; t
lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer
landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 31l.--Comp.: el-, e-land.

land-bend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl.
lond-bend, 1346; dat. pl. land-bendum, 95.

land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31.

land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209.

land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. leda
land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.

land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to
possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes del, 2887.

land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.

land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891.

lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. t lang, 2094; ns  long
(lang) t on (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwle (_for a
long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) rage, 54, 114, 1258; lange td,
1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. se ws
fftiges ftgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.

lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062,
2752, 3109; t lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749.
Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; n  leng (_none the longer_), 975.
Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239.

ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence
_ready, prepared_: n is rd gelang eft t e num (_now is help [counsel]
at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gen is eall t e lissa gelong (_all of
favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge.

lang-ge-stren, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestrena,
2241.--Leo.

langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him
...fter derum men dyrne langa beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after
the dear man_), 1880.

lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192,
1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.

lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709.

lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata.

l, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865.

lc, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heao-lc.--2)
_gift, offering_: acc. pl. lc, 1864; llcu lc (_loathly offering,
prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lcum, 43, 1869.--Comp. s-lc.

ge-lc, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelc (_battle_), 1041;
dat. pl. t ecga gelcum, 1169.

lcan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting,
flying_, etc.: inf. dareum lcan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. fter lyfte
lcende (_flying through the air_), 2833.

for-lcan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. he wear on fenda geweald
for forlcen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904.

ld, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lde, 1988; gen. sg. lde,
569.--Comp.: brim-, s-ld.

ge-ld, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. unc geld, 1411.

l, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. l, 816; l
lyft-floga, 2316; l (_enemy_), 440; ne lef ne l, 511; neut. l, 134,
192; in weak form, se la (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lne (wyrm),
3041; dat. sg. lum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. les (of the enemy), 842; fela
les (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; lan lges, 83; lan cynnes, 2009,
2355; s lan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. l gewidru (_hateful
storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wi lum, 550; lum scuccum and scinnum,
939; lum ddum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; lan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl.
lra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg.
lra ... beorn, 2433.

l-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. l-bite lces (_the body's
hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123.

l-getena, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl.
l-getenan, 559.

l-lc, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. l-lcu, 1585.

lf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom.
sg. Hrlan lf (Bewulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fla lfe (_the
leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lfe, 2830; on him
gladia gomelra lfe, heard and hringml Heaobeardna gestren (_on him
gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaobeardas'
treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the
Heaobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lfe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e.
those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious
heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564;
instr. sg. incge lfe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, we-, yrfe-, -lf.

lr, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be fder lre,
1951; gen. pl. lra, 1221; lrena, 269.--Comp. frend-lr.

lst, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. lst, 132, 972, 2165; on lst
(_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lstas, 1403; acc. pl. lstas,
842.--Comp.: fe-, feorh-, ft-, wrc-lst.

lger. See leger.

lger-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.

ls, adj., _less_, 1947;  ls (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not,
lest_, 1919.

lssa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. lssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lssan, 43;
fem, lssan hwle, 2572; dat. sg. for lssan (_for less, smaller_), 952.
Superl. nom. sg. n t lsest ws hond-gemt[a], 2355.

lt, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes lt, 1530.

ldan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. ldan, 239; pret. pl.
lddon, 1160.

for-1dan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-lddan, 2440 (?).

ge-ldan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-lded, 37.

lfan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. num magum lf folc
and rce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum lfde ... lond and ledbyrig, 2471.--2)
_spare, leave behind_: ht cwices lfan (_to spare aught living_), 2316.

ln-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence
as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. ln-dagas, 2592; gen.
pl. ln-daga, 2342.

lne, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or
destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130;
s lnan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. lnan lfes,
2846.

lran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. u e lr be on (_learn
this, take this to heart_), 1723.

ge-lran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic s Hrgr mg
... rd gelran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080;
pret. pl.  me t ge-lrdon lede mne (_gave me the advice_), 415.

lstan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. t him se lc-homa
lstan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_:
imper. lst eall tela (_do all well_), 2664.

ge-lstan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) t mec r and oft
gelste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. t ... wilgesas,
onne wg cume, lede gelstan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic e sceal
mne gelstan frede (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707;
pret. sg. bet ... gelste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelste sw (_kept
his word_), 2991; pres. part. hfde Est-Denum ... gilp gelsted (_had
fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830.

ltan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. lte,
1729; imper. pl. II. lta, 397; sg. II. lt, 1489; pret. sg. lt, 2390,
2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II.
lte, 1997; sg. III. lte, 3083.

-ltan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. t u ne lte ... dm
ge-dresan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. ltan ln-dagas (_die_)
2592; so, ltan lf and ledscipe, 2751.

for-ltan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lt, 971;
pret. pl. for-lton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hle
... one cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forltan (_would not let the
murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg.
in am wong-stede ... r he hine r forlt (_where he had previously left
him_), 2788.

of-ltan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf u r onne he worold
ofltest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflt lf-dagas
and s lnan gesceaft, 1623.

on-ltan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. onne forstes bend fder
on-lte (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610.

-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syan hilde-der hond
-legde ... under gepne hrf, 835; t he on Bewulfes bearm -legde
(_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret.
pl. -ledon  lefne eden ... on bearm scipes, 34; -legdon  t middes
mrne eden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]),
3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: sian ... in fen-freoo feorh -legde
(_laid down his life, died_), 852; nu se here-wsa hleahtor -legde, gamen
and gle-drem _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021.

leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.

lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine
sorh-wylmas lemede t lange, 906. MS.

leng. See lang.

lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne
ws hit lenge  gen (_nor was it yet long_), 83.

ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard
... lce gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733.

let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_).

lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), t
syan n ... brim-lende lde ne letton (_might no longer hinder
seafarers from journeying_), 569.

-ldon. See -lecgan.

lg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna lg (_the lurid flame_), 3116;
swgende lg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lge, 2550. See lg.

lg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041.

*leahan, len, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyh, 1049;
pret. sg. lg, 1812; pret. pl. lgon, 203, 863.

be-len, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. ne inc nig mon ... belen mihte
sorhfullne s (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult
journey_), 511.

leahtre. See or-leahtre.

lef, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. lefum, 97.

lefnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245.

len. See leahan.

len, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392;
dat. sg. lene, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc.  len, 2996; dat. am
lenum, 2146; gen. lena, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-len.

len (for ln, O.H.G. lhan), st. n, _loan_, 1810.

lenian, w. v., _to reward, compensate_: pres. sg. I. ic e  fhe fe
lenige (_repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures_), 1381; pret.
sg. me one wl-rs wine Scyldinga fttan golde fela lenode (_the friend
of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_),
2103.

les, adj., _false_: nom. pl. lese, 253.

les, adj., _deprived of, free from_, w. gen.: nom. sg. drema les, 851;
dat. sg. winigea lesum, 1665.--Comp.: dm-, drem-, ealdor-, feoh-,
feormend-, hlford-, swol-, sige-, sorh-, tr-, eden-, wine-, wyn-les.

lesig, adj., _concealing one's self_; in comp. sin-lesig(?).

leoo-crft, st. m., _the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire_,
etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoo-crftum (_a banner all
hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770.

leoo-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene
leoo-syrcan (_locked linked sark_), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoo-syrcan,
1891.

leomum. See lim.

leornian, w. v., _to learn, devise, plan_: pret. him s g-cyning ...
wrce leornode (_the war-king planned vengeance therefor_), 2337.

led, st. m., _prince_: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613,
1654, etc.; acc. led, 626.

led, st. f., _people_: gen. sg. lede, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates
_individuals, people, kinsmen_: nom. pl. lede, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.;
gum-cynnes Geta lede (_people of the race of the Getas_), 260; acc. pl.
lede, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. ledum, 389, 521, 619, 698,
906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. leda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.

led-bealo, st. n., (_mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people_),
_great, unheard-of calamity_: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. led-bealewa, 1947.

led-burh, st. f., _princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city_:
acc. pl. -byrig, 2472.

led-cyning, st. m., _king of the people_: nom. sg., 54.

led-fruma, w. m., _prince of the people, ruler_: acc. sg. led-fruman,
2131.

led-gebyrgea, w. m., _protector of the people, prince_: acc. sg.
-gebyrgean, 269.

led-hryre, st. m., _fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler_: dat. sg. fter
led-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaobeardas_, Frda, cf.
2051), 2031; gen. sg. s led-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389),
2392.

led-sceaa, w. m., _injurer of the people_: dat. sg. am led-sceaan,
2094.

led-scipe, st. m., _the whole nation, people_: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on
am led-scipe, 2198.

le, st. n., _song, lay_: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, g-,
sorh-le.

lef, adj., _lief, dear_: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak
form m., lefa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lefne, 34, 297, 619,
1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lefes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.),
1062, 2911; dat. pl. lefum, 1074; gen. pl. lefra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg.
neut. lefre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lefost, 1297; acc. sg. one
lefestan, 2824.

leflc, _dear, precious, valued_: nom. sg. m. leflc lind-wga, 2604;
acc. sg. neut. leflc ren, 1810.

legan, st. v., _to lie, belie, deceive_. subj. pres. nfne him his wlite
lege (_unless his looks belie him_), 250; pret. sg. he ne leg fela wyrda
ne worda, 3030.

-legan, _to deceive, leave unfulfilled_: pret. sg. he bet ne -lh (_he
left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80.

ge-legan, _to deceive, betray_: pret. sg. him se wn geleh (_hope
deceived him_), 2324.

leht, st. n., _light, brilliance_: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg.
sunnan leht, 649; godes leht geces (_chose God's light, died_), 2470;
dat. sg. t lehte, 95.--Comp.: fen-, fr-, morgen-leht.

leht, adj., _luminous, bright_: instr. sg. lehtan sweorde, 2493.

lema, w. m.: 1) _light, splendor_: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. leman,
1518; sunnan and mnan leman (_light of sun and moon_), 95.--2) (as beadu-
and hilde-lema), _the glittering sword_: nom. sg. lixte se lema (_the
blade-gleam flashed_), 1571.

lesan, st. v., = amitti, in

be-lesan, _to deprive, be deprived of_: pres. part. (he) wear beloren
lefum bearnum and brrum (_was deprived of her dear children and
brethren_), 1074.

for-lesan, with dat. instr., _to lose something_: pret. sg. r he dme
for-les, ellen-mrum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic
deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. m e r his elne for-les (_to him who,
before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic m lenum
for-loren hfde (_not at all had I lost the rewards_), 2146.

libban, w. v., _to live, be, exist_: pres. sing. III. lifa, 3169; lyfa,
945; leofa, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part.
lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be e lifigendum (_in thy
lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon,
99. See unlifigende.

licgan, st. v.: 1) _to lie, lie down_ or _low_: pres. sg. nu se hand lige
(_now the hand lies low_), 1344; nu se wyrm lige, 2746, so 2904; inf.
licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. lg, 40, 552, 2078; syan
Heardrd lg (_after Heardrd had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lgon, 3049;
lgon, 566.--2) _to lie prostrate, rest, fail_: pret. sg. nfre on re lg
wd-ces wg (_never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front_),
1042; syan wier-gyld lg (_after vengeance failed_, or, _when Withergyld
lay dead_, if _W._ is a proper name), 2052.

-licgan, _to succumb, fail, yield_: inf. 2887; pret. sg. t his dm -lg
(_that its power failed it_), 1529.

ge-licgan, _to rest, lie still_: pret. sg. wind-blond gelg, 3147.

lida, w. m., _boat, ship_ (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, -lida.

lid-man, st. m., _seafarer, sailor_: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624.

lim, st. n., _limb, branch_: instr. pl. leomum, 97.

limpan, st. v., _to happen, befall_ (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret.
sg. h lomp ew on lde (_how went it with you on the journey?_), 1988.

-limpan, _to come about, offer itself_: pret. sg.  t sl -lamp (_till
the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part,  him -lumpen ws
wistfylle wn (_since a hope of a full meal had befallen him_), 734.

be-limpan, _to happen to, befall_: pret. sg. him si sr belamp, 2469.

ge-limpan, _to happen, occur, turn out_: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpe
t..., 1754; subj. pres. isse ansne alwealdan anc lungre gelimpe
(_thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!_), 930; pret. sg. him on
fyrste gelamp t..., 76; sw him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to
them_), 1253; s e hire se willa gelamp t ... (_because her wish had
been fulfilled_), 627; frfor eft gelamp srig-mdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif
him yslcu earf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wear ... willa
gelumpen, 825.

lind, st. f. (properly _linden_; here, a a wooden shield covered with
linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl.
linde, 2366.

lind-gestealla, w. m., _shield-comrade, war-comrade_: nom. sg., 1974.

lind-hbbend, pres. part., _provided with a shield_, i.e. warrior: nom. pl.
-hbbende, 245; gen. pl. hbbendra, 1403.

lind-plega, w. m., _shield-play_, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074,
2040.

lind-wga, w. m., _shield-fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 2604.

linnan, st. v., _to depart, be deprived of_: inf. aldre linnan (_depart
from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.

lis, st. f., _favor, affection_: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151.

list, st. m., _art, skill, cleverness, cunning_: dat. pl. adverbial, listum
(_cunningly_), 782.

lixan, w. v., _to shine, flash_: pret. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571.

lc, st. n.: 1) _body, corpse_: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. lc, 2081; t lc
(_the body, corpse_), 2128; dat. sg. lce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733,
2744; gen. sg. lces, 451, 1123.-- 2) _form, figure_: in comp. eofor-,
swn-lc.

ge-lc, adj., _like, similar_: nom. pl. m. ge-lce, 2165. Superl.
ge-lcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609.

lc-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. lc-homa,
813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. lc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lc-haman, 3179.

lcian, w. v., _to please, like_ (impers.): pres. sg. III. me n md-sefa
lca leng sw wel, 1855; pret. pl. am wfe  word wel lcodon, 640.

lcnes. See on-lcnes.

lc-sr, st. n., _bodily pain_: acc. sg. lc-sr, 816.

lc-syrce, w. f., _body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body_: nom. sg.,
550.

1an, st. v., _to move, go_: pres. part. nom. pl.  lende (_navigantes,
sailors_), 221;  ws sund liden (_the water was then traversed_),
223.--Comp.: heu-, mere-, wg-lend.

le (O.H.G. lindi), adj., _gentle, mild, friendly_: nom. sg. w. instr.
gen. lra le, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. lost, 3184.

li-wge, st. n., _can in which l_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is
contained_: acc. sg., 1983.

lf, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. lf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat.
sg. lfe, 2572; t lfe (_in one's life, ever_) 2433; gen. sg. lfes, 197,
791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lfes (_of the earthly life_), 1388,
2344.--Comp. edwt-lf.

lf-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of
death_: nom. sg., 967.

lf-dagas, st. m. pl., _lifetime_: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623.

lf-fre, w. m., _lord of life, God_: nom. sg., 16.

lf-gedl, st. n., _separation from life_: nom. sg., 842.

lf-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, destiny_: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.

lf-wrau, st. f., _protection for one's life, safety_: acc. sg. lf-wrae,
2878; dat. sg. t lf-wrae, 972.

lf-wyn, st. f., _pleasure, enjoyment, joy_ (of life): gen. pl. lf-wynna,
2098.

lg, st. m. n., _flame, fire_: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. lge, 728,
2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. lges, 83, 782. See lg.

lg-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See
lg-draca.

lg-egesa, w. m., _horror arising through fire, flaming terror_: acc. sg.,
2781.

lge-torn, st. m., _false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger_(?):
dat. sg. fter lge-torne _(on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce
anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.

lg-, st. m., _wave of fire_: instr. pl. lg-um, 2673.

len, st. v., _to lend_: pret. sg. t him on earfe lh yle Hrgres
(_which H.'s spokesman lent him in need_), 1457.

on-leon, _to lend, grant as a loan_, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.:
pret. sg.  he s wpnes on-lh slran sweord-frecan, 1468.

loca, w. m., _bolt, lock_: in comp. bn-, burh-loca.

locen. See lcan.

lond, long. See land, lang.

lof, st. m. n., _praise, repute_: acc. sg. lof, 1537.

lof-dd, st. f., _deed of praise_: instr. pl. lof-ddum, 24.

lof-georn, adj., _eager for praise, ambitious_: superl. nom. sg.
lof-geornost, 3184.

loga, w. m., _liar_; in comp. trew-loga.

losian, w. v., _to escape, flee_: pres. sg. III. losa, 1393, 2063; pret.
sg. he on weg losade (_fled away_), 2097.

lcian, w. v., _to see, look at_: pres. sg. II. s-lc ... e u her t
lcast (_booty of the sea that thou lookest on_), 1655.

ge-lme, adv., _often, frequently_, 559.

lufe, w. f., _love_: in comp. heh-, md-, wf-lufe.

lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, _nourishment_), w. m., _food, subsistence;
property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (_on possessions_), 1729.--Comp.
eard-lufa.

lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_:
nom. sg. lufen (parallel with el-wyn), 2887.

luf-tcen, st. n., _love-token_: acc. pl. luf-tcen, 1864.

lufian, w. v., _to love, serve affectionately_: pret. sg. III. lufode 
lede (_was on affectionate terms with the people_), 1983.

lungre, adv.: 1) _hastily, quickly, forthwith_, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2)
_quite, very, fully_: fewer mearas lungre gelce (_four horses quite
alike_), 2165.

lust, st. m., _pleasure, joy_: dat. pl. adv. lustum (_joyfully_), 1654; so,
on lust, 619, cf. 600.

lcan, st. v., _to twist, wind, lock, interweave_: pret. part. acc. sg. and
pl. locene leoo-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings
interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra bega (_rings wrought of gold
wire_), 2996.

be-lcan: 1) _to shut, close in or around_: pret. sg. winter e be-lec
s-gebinde (_winter locked the waves with icy bond_), 1133.-- 2) _to shut
in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig wge belec manegum mga (_I
shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771.
Cf. me wge belc wrum fendum (_protect me against mine enemies_), Ps.
34, 3.

ge-lcan, _to unite, link together, make_: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.

on-lcan, _to unlock, open_: pret. sg. word-hord on-lec (_opened the
word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259.

t-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782.

lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), _air_: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. fter lyfte (_along,
through, the air_), 2833.

lyft-floga, w. m., _air-flier_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.

lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914.

lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.

lyh. See leahan.

lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Get ungemetes wel ...
restan lyste(_the Get_ [Bewulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794.

lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lyt eft becwom ...
hmes nisan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lyt nig (_none at all_),
3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... hefod-mga, 2151;
wergendra t lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lyt swgode nwra spella (_he
kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. sg.
lyt manna (_too few of men_), 2837.

lytel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. t lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f.
lytle hwle (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wrae lytle (_little
protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lytel.

lyt-hwn, adv., _little = not at all_: lyt-hwn lgon, 204.

lfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. ne lfe (life,
MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Mbius'
Glossary, p. 266.

lfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in

-lfan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. nfre ic negum men r
lfde ... ry-rn Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the
palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. ( me ws) s ... lfed inn
under eor-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_),
3090.

ge-lfan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. r gelfan sceal
dryhtnes dme se e hine de nime (_whomever death carrieth away, shall
believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between Bewulf
and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. gece gelfde brego Beorht-Dena
(_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; t he on nigne eorl gelfde
fyrena frfre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help,
out of these troubles_), 628; se e him bealwa t bte gelfde (_who
trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him t anwaldan re gelfde
(_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273.

-lsan, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part.  ws of m hrran helm
and byrne lungre -lsed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed from
him_), 1631.


M

maelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maelode, 286,
348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maelade, 2426.

maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes
(Hrgr), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgewes (Bewulf), 2588: maga (Grendel),
979; se maga geonga (Wglf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of
Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. one magan, 944.

magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. mg, 277,
478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht u, 2048; subj. pres. mge,
2531, 2750; eh ic eal mge (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. we
mgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte,
190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516,
1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313,
2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mg,
sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.

mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago Ecglfes (Hunfer),
1466; mago Healfdenes (Hrgr), 1868, 2012.

mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht,
67.

mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, hep,
731.

magu-egn, mago-egn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat.
sg. magu-egne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-egnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-egnum,
1481; gen. pl. mago-egna ... one slestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406.

man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049,
1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc.
sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wd-cne man, 1490; dat. sg.
men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534,
2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men,
69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380,
702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they,
people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-,
gle-, gum-, i-, lid-, s-, wpned-man.

man. See munan.

man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes,
164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.

man-drem, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-drem, 1265;
dat. pl. mon-dremum, 1716.

man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_:
nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc.
sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282;
gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.

ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of
the fourteen Getas that returned from the sea]), 1644.

manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. mana sw and myndga
... srum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058.

manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc
manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellc s-rinc,
690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc.
sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. egne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg.
f. manigre mge, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum mmum,
2104; monegum mgum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mda, 1179.--2) substantively:
nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl.
manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra,
2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mga, 1772; monegum fira,
2002; hlea monegum bold-gendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729;
(mm)-hta monige, 1614.

manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be
connected].

man-lce, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047.

man-wre, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl.
mon-wrust, 3183.

m, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.

mum, mum, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. mum,
169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. mmas,
1861; acc. pl. mdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr.
pl. mmum, mdmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. mma, 1785, 2144,
2167, etc.; mdma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-,
wundor-mum.

mm-ht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. mm-hta,
1614, 2834.

mum-ft, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg.,
2406.

mm-gestren, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. mm-gestrena, 1932.

mum-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat.
sg. fter mum-gife, 1302.

mum-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_:
gen. pl. mum-sigla, 2758.

mum-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc.
sg., 1024.

mum-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg.
fter-mum-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751.

mgas. See mg.

mge, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles mgan (_mother_), 1392.

mn, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. mne, 110, 979; adv.,
_criminally_, 1056.

mn-for-ddla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. mn-for-ddlan, 563.

mn-scaa, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg.
713, 738, 1340; mn-sceaa, 2515.

mra (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m.
mra, 1354, 2556; neut. mre, 1561; acc. sg. m. mran, 2017; mund-gripe
mran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. mran ...
eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. mran, 533, 1012; neut. mre,
518; with gen. pl. mor-beala mre _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136;
gen. sg. f. mran, 1824.

mst (superl. of micel, mra), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with
partitive gen.), mst, 78, 193; fem. mst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fhe mste,
459; mste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut.
n. (with partitive gen.) mst mra, 2646; hond-wundra mst, 2769; bl-fra
mst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mste crfte, 2182.

mcg. See mecg.

mg, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mga hse
(_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; mga, 944, 1284.

mgen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. mgen,
518, 1707; instr. sg. mgene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mgenes, 418, 1271,
1535, 1717, etc.; mgnes, 671, 1762; mgenes strang, strengest (_great in
strength_), 1845, 196; mgenes rf (id.), 2085.--2) _prime, flower_ (of a
nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. sw he oft (i.e. etan) dyde
mgen Hrmanna (_the best of the Hremen_), 445; gen. sg. wi manna hwone
mgenes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp.
ofer-mgen.

mgen-gend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl.
-gendra, 2838.

mgen-byren, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. mgen-byrenne, 3092; dat.
(instr.) sg., 1626.

mgen-crft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380.

mgen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.

mgen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. ns t onne mtost
mgen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword
Hrunting), 1456.

mgen-rs, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520.

mgen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679.

mgen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.

mst, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mste (_beside the
mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906.

mum. See mum, hyge-mum.

mg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. mg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915,
1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mg (_son_), 1340;
(_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mge, 1979; gen. sg. mges, 2629,
2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. mgas, 1016; acc. pl. mgas, 2816; dat. pl.
mgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; mgum, 2354; gen. pl. mga,
247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: fderen-, hefod-, wine-mg.

mg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by
ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg.
lond-rihtes ... re mg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_,
i.e. of the Getas), 2888.

mg, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. mge, 1012; dat. sg. mge, 75;
dat. pl. mgum, 5; gen. pl. mga, 25, 1772.

mg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.).

ml, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316;  ws sl and ml
(_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. ml, 2634;
instr. pl. rran mlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mla, 1250; sla and
mla, 1612; mla gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.--2)
_sword, weapon_: nom. sg. broden (brogden) ml (_the drawn sword_), 1617,
1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot,
mark_.--Comp.: grg-, hring-, sceaen-, wunden-ml.

ml-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. ml-ceare, 189.

ml-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde bd
ml-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738.

mnan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention,
proclaim_: inf. mnan, 1068; pret. part. r ws Bewulfes mro mned,
858.--2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. gioho mnde
(_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. mndon, 1150, 3150.

ge-mnan (see mn), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj.
pret. pl. ge-mnden, 1102.

ge-mne, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemne, 2474; r unc hwle
ws hand gemne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal rum t sweord and helm bm
gemne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemne, 1861; dat. pl. t m folcum
sceal ... sib gemnum (attraction for gemne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl.
unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mma gemnra (_we two shall share many
treasures together_), 1785.

mru, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mro,
660, 688; acc. pl. mra, 2997; instr. pl. mrum (_gloriously_), 2515:
gen. pl. mra, 504, 1531.--2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. mro,
2135; gen. pl. mra, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-mru.

mre, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg.
m. mre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative
m. se mra, 1475; nom. fem. mru, 2017; mre, 1953; neut. mre, 2406; acc.
sg. m. mrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mre, 1024;
dat. sg. mrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; t m mran, 270; gen. sg.
mres, 798; mran, 1730; nom. pl. mre, 3071; superl. mrost, 899,--Comp.:
fore-, heao-mre.

mst. See mra.

mte, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. mtost, 1456.

mecg, mcg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg,
wrc-mcg.

medla. See on-medla.

medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. t medo, 605.

medo-rn, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-rn (Heorot), 69.

medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg.
medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186;
meodu-bence, 1903.

medu-drem, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc.
sg. 2017.

medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016.

medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.

medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.

medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066.

medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl.
meodo-setla, 5.

medo-stg, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stg,
925.

medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl.
medo-wongas, 1644.

meel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on mele, 1877.

meel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here
_meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under
the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on m meel-stede,
1083.

meel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr.
pl. meel-wordum, 236.

melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. s meldan, 2406.

meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf.,
3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.

ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se
md-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629.

men. See man.

mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200.

mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. se e
mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.

ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594.

menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. mma menigeo
(_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, mnigo, 41.

mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.

mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131,
1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.

mere-der, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558.

mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.

mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540),
549.

mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas,
1450.

mere-hrgl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrgla sum,
1906.

mere-lend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl.
mere-lende, 255.

mere-strt, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-strta
514.

mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533.

mere-wf, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother),
1520.

mergen. See morgen.

met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsl
meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's
Zeits. 11, 411; Krner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).

ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg.
nis t ... gemet mannes nefne mn nes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do
that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mn gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg.
mid gemete, 780.

ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. sw him gemet ince
(hte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.

metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe strte
mearum mton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514,
1634.

ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stg gemt.(_measured, walked over, the
road to the mead-hall_), 925.

metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110,
707, 968, 1058, 2528; scr metod, 980; s metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod,
180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod.

metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose,
fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg.
metod-sceaft sen (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. t metod-sceafte, 2816.

mce, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mce, 2048; brdne mce,
2979; gen. sg. mces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mcum, 565;
gen. pl. mca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, hft-, hilde-mce.

md, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mde, 2135; dat. sg. mde, 2147; gen.
pl. mda, 1179.

ge-mde, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mdu, 247.

me, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, s-me.

mtan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syan
scheres ... hafelan mtton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. t he ne mtte ... on
elran man mundgripe mran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a
mightier hand-grip_), 752.

ge-mtan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemtte, 758, 2786; pl. ns 
long t on, t  aglcean hy eft gemtton (_it was not long after that
the warriors again met each other_), 2593.

ge-mting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002.

meagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. meaglum wordum,
1981.

mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. t mearce (_the end of
life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.

ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. ft-, ml-ge-mearc.

mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearca mrhopu (_will
stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450.

ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morre gemearcod (_murder-marked_
[cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; sw ws on m scennum ... gemearcod ...
hwm t sweord geworht wre (_engraved for whom the sword had been
wrought_), 1696.

mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel
and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.

mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866,
1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and mmum, 1049, 1899; gen.
pl. meara and mma, 2167.

mearn. See murnan.

meodu. See medu.

meoto. See met.

meotud. See metod.

meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. ge-meowle.

micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem.,
67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779,
3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mre must be supplied before one
in: medo-rn micel ... (mre) one yldo beam fre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg.
ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle lefre (_far dearer_),
2652; efne sw micle (lssa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle
(_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan,
979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrne gedn
(_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; t fela micles (_far
too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mra.

mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preminently _union,
community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community,
with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrgre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid
gesum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his
fre-drihtne, 2628; mid m lcum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125;
mid hle (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid ble fr (_sped off amid fire_),
2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with
him_, 1626; ne ws him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with,
among_: mid Getum (_among the Getas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum,
274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among,
one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid r-dge (_at dawn_), 126.--2)
_with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid r-stafum (_through his
grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grpe (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721;
mid his hete-oncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so,
1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536,
2918; mid gde (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_),
1893; mid re sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by
rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid  wfe (_through [marriage with] the
woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his
eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mnne
gold-gyfan, 2653.

II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time,
likewise_, 1650.

middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on
middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.

midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle,
in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) t-middes (_in the midst_), 3142.

middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.

miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. urh drihtnes miht
(_through the Lord's help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.

mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-der,
558; mere-wf mihtig, 1520.--2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg.
mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: l-,
fore-mihtig.

milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. mdes milde
(_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173.
Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to
men_), 3183.

milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922.

missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses
(_missed the mark_), 2440.

missere, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missera
(_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_,
1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621.

mist-hli, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under
mist-hleoum, 711.

mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige mras, 162.

ml-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. ml-gemearces, 1363.

mn: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelc mn (_my lord_, or
_king, H._), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534,
etc.

molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. grs-molde.

mon. See man.

ge-mong. See ge-mang.

mor-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl.
mor-beala, 136.

moror, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morre, 893,
1265, 2783; gen. sg. morres, 2056; morres scyldig (_guilty of murder_),
1684.

moror-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. ws am yldestan
... moror-bed strd (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e.
through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.

moror-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg.
moror-bealo, 1080, 2743.

moror-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. s moror-hetes, 1106.

morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg.
morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the
morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl.
morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451.

morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. gr morgen-ceald
(_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023.

morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne
dg (_the whole forenoon_), 2895.

morgen-leht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918.

morgen-swg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129.

morgen-td, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tde, 484, 818(?)

morn. See morgen.

md, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom.
sg., 50, 731; wfre md (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_),
1151; acc. sg. on md (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. mde geungen
(_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on mde (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845,
2282? 2528; on hreum mde (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171,
811, 1707; modes ble (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, mdes
milde, 1230; mdes sece (_depressed in mind_), 1604.--2) _boldness,
courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom.
sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, gemor-, gld-, g-, hreh-, irre-,
srig-, st-, sw-, wrig-md.

md-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. md-ceare, 1993, 3150.

md-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. md-gehygdum,
233

md-ge-anc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. md-ge-onc,
1730.

md-gimor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895.

mdig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he s (m,
MS.) mdig ws (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se mdega, 814; dat. sg.
mid am mdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mdges, 502; mdiges, 2699; Geta led
georne trwode mdgan mgnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671;
nom. pl. mdge, 856; mdige, 1877; gen. pl. mdigra, 312, 1889.--Comp,
fela-mdig.

mdig-lc, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. mdiglcran, 337.

md-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. nre md-lufan, 1824.

md-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom.
sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. md-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. md-sefan, 180.

md-racu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his
md-rce, 385.

mdor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg.
mdor, 1539, 2140, 2933.

mna, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. mnan, 94.

mr, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mr, 1406; dat.
sg. of mre, 711; acc. pl. mras, 103, 162, 1349.

mr-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_:
acc. pl. mr-hopu, 450.

ge-mt, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mt.

mtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be
permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. mt, 186, 442, 604; II. mst,
1672; pl. mton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mte, 431; III. se e mte,
1388; pret sg. mste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl.
mston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. t u hine
selfne gesen mste (_mightest see_), 962.--2) _shall, must, be obliged_:
pres. sg. mt, 2887; pret. sg. mste, 1940; r he  fyrste forman dgore
wealdan mste, sw him Wyrd ne gescrf, hr t hilde (_if he must for the
first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf.
2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.

ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think
of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (_each of the
knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic e s len geman (_I
shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic t eall gemon (_I
remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he t eall gemon hwt ...
(_if he is mindful of all that which_ ...), 1186; ic t ml gemon hwr...
(_I remember the time when_...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... fen-sprce
(_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291,
2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se s led-hryres len ge-munde (_was mindful of
reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; t he Eotena bearn inne gemunde
(_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the
Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde fho genge (_his hand remembered strife
enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglfes t ... (_remembered not that
which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in md-sefan (_their thoughts_
[as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179.

on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg.
onmunde sic mra (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641.

mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023,
3092.

mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.

mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat.
sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; fter mund-gripe (_after having seized the
criminal_), 1939.

murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. n mearn
fore fhe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not
apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him
ws ... murnende md, 50; pres. subj., onne he fela murne (_than that he
should mourn much_), 1386.

be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908,
1078.

murn-lce. See un-murn-lce.

m-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. t m-bonan (of Grendel
because he bit his victim to death), 2080.

ma, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes man (_mouth of the
house, door_), 725.

ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. t gemyndum,
2805, 3017. See weor-mynd.

myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndga, 2058;
pres. part. w. gen. gif onne Fresna hwylc ... s moror-hetes myndgiend
wre (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106.

ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bi gemyndgad ... eaforan
ellor-s (_is reminded of his son's decease_), 2451.

ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083,
etc.

myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.--2) _love_(?): ne his myne
wisse (_whose_ [God's] _love he knew not_), 169.

ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne mro! 660.

myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte ... manna
cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of
(?), the men_), 713; mynte t he gedlde ... (_thought to sever_), 732;
mynte se mra, r he meahte sw, wdre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763.

myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mr, 1406.

myr, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. mdes myre, 8n.


N

naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan,
214.--Comp.: hring-, -naca.

nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, g-bill nacod, 539, 2586;
nacod n-draca, 2274.

nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.

nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. Bewulf is mn nama, 343; ws m hft-mce
Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scp him Heort naman (_gave it the name
Hart_), 78.

n (from ne-), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537.

nh, from ne-h. See gan.

nn (from ne-n), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. g-billa nn,
804; adjectively, nn ... ren rgd, 990.

nt, from ne-wt: _I know not=nescio_. See witan.

nt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wt-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef.
pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg.
gumena nt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nt-hwylces (ra banena), 2054; nia
nt-hwylces(?), 2216; nt-hwylces hlea bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively:
dat. sg. in ni-sele nt-hwylcum, 1514.

nbben, from ne-hbben (subj. pres.). See habban.

nfne. See nefne.

ngel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. ngla (of the finger-nails), 986.

ngled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. ngled (MS.
gled) sinc, 2024.

ns, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc.
sg. ns, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. nsse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige
nssas, 1412; gen. pl. nssa, 1361.

ns, from ne-ws (_was not_). See wesan.

ns, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263.

ns-hli, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to
the sea_: dat. pl. on ns-hleoum, 1428.

nfre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also
strengthened by ne: nfre ne, 1461.

ge-ngan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret.
pl. na gengdan nefan Hererces (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s
nephew_), 2207; pret. part. wear ... na genged, 1440.

nnig (from ne-nig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen.
pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nnegum, 599; gen. pl. nnigra,
950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. er nnig, 860; nnig wter, 1515; nnig
... der, 1934; acc. sg. nnigne ... hord-mum, 1199.

nre, from ne-wre (_were not, would not be_). See wesan.

ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga!
1385; ne gm! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: ne ge ...
gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic
... wihte ne wne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so, 182.
Strengthened by other neg.: ner ... ne, 2125; sw he ne mihte n ... (_so
that he absolutely could not_), 1509.

ne ... ne, _not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor_, 154-157, 511,
1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, n
... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles
... ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: r ne sian
(_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; s ne nor (_south
nor north_), 859; dl ne yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum
ne worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wndon (_knew
not and weened not_), 1605.

nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so,
1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan
(_nephew_), 882.

nefne, nfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend.
clause = _unless_: nefne him witig god wyrd forstde (_if fate, the wise
God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God
himself_, etc.), 3055; nfne him his wlite lege (MS. nfre) (_unless his
face belie him_), 250; nfne he ws mra (_except that he was huger_),
1354; nemne him heao-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w.
follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-fre (_except the
husband_), 1935; ic lyt hafo hefod-mga nefne Hygelc ec (_have no near
kin but thee_), 2152; nis t ewer (gen. pl.) s ... nefne mn nes,
2534.--2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne feum num, 1082.

ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.

nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan.

nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. one yldestan
oret-mecgas Bewulf nemna (_the warriors call the most distinguished one
Bewulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to
address_, as in

be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin
Hengeste ... um be-nemde t (_asserted, promised under oath that_ ...),
1098; pret. pl. sw hit  dmes dg dipe benemdon ednas mre (_put
under a curse_), 3070.

nemne. See nefne.

nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft
nere unfgne eorl, 573; pret. part. hfde ... sele Hrgres ge-nered wi
ne (_saved from hostility_), 828.

ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg.
hrf na gens ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.--2)
w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. se 
scce ge-ns, 1978; fela ic ... g-rsa ge-ns, 2427; pret. part. sw he
na gehwane genesen hfde, 2398.

net, st. n., _net_: in comp. brest-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.

ndla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. re-ndla.

nan (G. nanjan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part.
nearo nende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. r git ... on dep
water aldrum ndon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_),
510; so, 538.

ge-nan, the same: inf. ne dorste under a gewin aldre ge-nan, 1470.
With depend. clause: nnig t dorste genan t (_none durst undertake
to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. he under hrne stn na gende frcne dde (_he
risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) wge
under wtere weorc gende earfo-lce (_I with difficulty stood the work
under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic
gende fela ga (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres. pl.
(of majesty) we ... frcne gendon eafo unces (_we have boldly risked,
dared, the monster's power_), 961.

nh. See neh.

ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brgd
eorl Bewulfes ealde lfe (_many an earl of B.'s_), 795.

nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_:
nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles,
338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales,
1812.

nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.

nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.

nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977.

nearo-crft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?,
inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-crftum, 2244.

nearo-fh, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fges,
2318.

nearo-earf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-earfe, 422.

ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part.
genearwod, 1439.

neh, nh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. neh, 1744, 2729. In superl.
also = _last_: instr. sg. nhstan se (_for the last time_), 1204;
nihstan se, 2512.

2) adv., _near_: feor and (oe) neh, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, s-grunde neh,
564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nh, 2412. Compar. ner, 746.

nen, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105;
feorran and nen, 840; nen and feorran, 1175, 2318.

ge-net, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. bed-, heor-genet.

nioor. See nier.

neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.

ned, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc.
sg. nide, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216.

ned-lau, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. fter ned-lau
(_according to his wishes_), 1321.

nesan, nesian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf.
nesan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nisan, 2389, 2672; nesian, 115,
1126; nisian, 3046; pret. sg. nisade, 2487.

netan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg.
net, 1218.

be-netan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-netan, 681;
pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-net (_deprived the king of life_), 2397.

nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's
Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl.
nicera, 846.

nicor-hs, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-hsa,
1412.

ni st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. nia, 1006; nia? (passage
corrupt), 2216.

nier, nyer, neoor, adv., _down, downward_: nier, 1361; nioor, 2700;
nyer, 3045.

ni-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] ni-sele
nt-hwylcum, 1514.

nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575.

niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht,
135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575,
684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwlum (_sometimes at night, in
the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G.
nachts, 422, 2274; dges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht
(_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum
nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.:
middel-, sin-niht.

niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl.
niht-bealwa, 193.

niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790.

niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst
(_space of a night_), 528.

niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg.
niht-weorce, 828.

niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam
 mid handa hige-ihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . nide nman,
2117.--2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. se e hine de nime
(_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nyme, 1847; nyme nd-bde,
599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on
Ongeni ren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he ... mm-hta m (_he took no more of
the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part.  ws ... se cwn numen (_the
queen carried off_), 1154.

be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg.  t hine yldo benam mgenes wynnum
(_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887.

for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. e  de for-nam (_whom death
carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat.
for acc.: pret. pl. him renna ecge fornmon, 2829.

ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped
him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) _to take, take away_: pret.
on reste genam ritig egna, 122; he under heolfre genam ce folme, 1303;
segn ec genom, 2777;  mec sinca baldor ... t mnum fder genam (_took
me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.

ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under nssa genipu, 1361;
ofer flda genipu, 2809.

nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan.

niwe, niwe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swg up -stg niwe
geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh ... niwe (_a
newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (_the new
kinship_), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, nov voce; here = de
novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; niwan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. niwra
spella (_new tidings_), 2899.

ge-niwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad,
2288.

niw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne,
MS.) nacan, 295.

n, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor,
hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. n, 184, 276; Wedera n
(_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wi
(t) ne, 828, 2586; instr. ne, 2681; gen. pl. na, 883, 2351, 2398,
etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.:
bealo-, fr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wl-n.

n-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274.

n-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. one n-gst (_the
dragon_), 2700.

n-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca,
684.

n-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193.

n-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418.

n-hydig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. n-hydige men,
3167.

ge-nla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferh-,
feorh-genla.

n-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg.,
1366.

npan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. npende niht,
547, 650.

nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan.

nor, adv., _northward_, 859.

noran, adv., _from the north_, 547.

nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hlies nosan, 1893; t
brimes nosan, 2804.

n (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755,
842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; n ... n
(_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, n ... ne, 168. See ne.

ner (from n-hwer), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125.

ge-nh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fho genge, 2490; acc. pl.
genge ... begas, 3105.

nn, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the
afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the
morning; cf. Bouterwek Scredunga, 24 _2_: we hta nne dg fram sunnan
upgange  fen): nom. sg. nn, 1601.

nu, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu
gyt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nu gen (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now
yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nu u lungre geong ...
nu se wyrm lige (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so,
2248; t u me ne forwyrne ... nu ic us feorran com (_that do not thou
refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on mma hord
mne bebohte frde feorh-lege, fremma ge nu (_as I now..., so do ye_),
2800; so, 3021.

nyme, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nyme mec god scylde (_if God
had not shielded me_), 1659.

nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. egn nytte
beheld (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. hfde eor-scrafa
ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047.

nd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. urh dees nd,
2455; instr. sg. nde, 1006. In comp. (like nd-maga, consanguineus, in
thelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7,
ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. re-nd.

ge-ndan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. ne ge-nded (_forced
by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nde
gendde ... gearwe stwe (_the inevitable place prepared for each_, i.e.
the bed of death), 1006.

nd-bd, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl.
nd-bde, 599.

nd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom.
pl. nd-gesteallan, 883.

nd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nd-gripe (mid-gripe,
MS.), 977.

nd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg.,
193.

nhst. See neh.


O

oe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765,
etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007.

of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah
of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scne (_shineth from
heaven_), 1572; of hlies nosan gstas grtte (_from the cliff's
projection_), 1893; of am lema std (_from which light streamed_), 2770;
r ws mma fela of feorwegum ... gelded (_from distant lands_), 37; 
com of mre (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf
of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472;  ic of
searwum com (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419;
 him Hrgr gewt ... t of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558,
2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rc -sth sweart of (ofer) swioole (_black
wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) -hfen of
horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lt  of brestum ... word t faran
(_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_),
673; so, 1130; sealdon wn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous
vessels_), 1163; sian hyne Hcyn of horn-bogan ... flne geswencte
(_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep.
postponed:  he him of dyde sern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_),
672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest,
locality): Wglf site ofer Biwulfe, 2908; ofer elinge, 1245; ofer
eoran, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-ede (_over the earth, among mankind_),
900; ofer um, 1908; ofer hron-rde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287,
1290, etc.; ofer ealowge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc.
of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer e (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer
swan-rde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wgholm, 217; ofer
geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan
(_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so,
1405, 1406; ofer hehne hrf (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984;
ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on
all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebrc
(_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall,
2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer  niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b)
w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: he ofer benne sprc,
2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence,
_against, contrary to_: he ofer willan ging (_went against his will_),
2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten
commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wg ofer wpen (_war sans,
dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin
(_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741;
ofer-hyda, 1761.

ofer-mum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-mmum, 2994.

ofer-mgen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid
ofer-mgene, 2918.

ofer-earf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] ea[rfe],
2227.

oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [n]
seldan, 2030; oft nalles ne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580.
Superl. oftost, 1664.

om-, on-. See am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.

ond. See and.

onsn. See ansn.

on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact
with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on
heh-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mnre el-tyrf (_in my native
place_), 410; on m meel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on am holmclife, 1422;
so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on re medu-bence
(_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the
dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on rste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at,
near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (_on the wall_), 1663; on
m wl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_),
817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brestum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in
his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scn (_on him shone the
corselet_), 405; on re (_at the front_), 1042; on corre (_at the head of,
among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; t he
on heoe ge-std (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fder stle (_in a
father's place_), 1480; on um (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421,
534, 1438; on holme, 543; on g-stremum, 577; on segl-rde, 1438, etc.; on
flde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_
(of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963;
on wg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on m se rca bd (_in which the mighty one
abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on ber-sele,
492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in
the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mnum (_in my mind_),
473; on mde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his
vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum
(_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on am
led-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nyme lges fm swulge on swaule
(_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with,
touched by, possessing something_:  ws on slum sinces brytta (_then was
the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; ws on hren mde,
1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; he ws on fste (_she was in
haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870;  ws on blde brim weallende (_there was
the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (he) ws on sunde (_was
a-swimming_), 1619; ws t fore-mihtig fend on fe (_too powerful in
speed_), 971; r ws swgra secg ... on gylpsprce (_there was the
champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of,
representing, something_: on weres wstmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d)
_attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hrde on
Bewulfe fst-rdne ge-ht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610;
t he ne mtte ... on elran men mund-gripe mran, 753;--hence, with verbs
of taking: on rste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit r
on e gde be-geton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: sw
hit lungre wear on hyra sinc-gifan sre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon
painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_:
mg onne on m golde ongitan Geta dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may
perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weoran: t he on fylle
wear (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.

With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on,
upon, in_: -ldon  lefne eden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on
wang) stigon, 212, 225;  him mid scoldon on fldes ht feor ge-wtan, 42;
se e wi Brecan wunne on sdne s (_who strovest in a swimming-match with
B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; t ic on holma ge-ring eorlscipe
efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on
fenda geweald sian, 809; ra e on swylc stara, 997; so, 1781; on
lufan lte hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to
possessions?_), 1729; him on md bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to
him_), 67; rsde on one rfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwom)
on worig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580,
677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards,
on_: gde gewyrcean ... on fder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to,
for the object, for, as, in, on_: on earfe (_in his need, in his strait_),
1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan earfe, 2850; wrum on andan (_as a
terror to the foe_), 709; Hrgr maelode him on andsware (_said to him in
reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca ws on bl gearu (_on the pyre ready_),
1110; wg-heafolan br fren on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wear on bd
wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in
conformity with_: rodera rdend hit on ryht gescd (_decided it in
accordance with right_), 1556; ne me swr fela a on unriht (_swore no
oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp
sele ftte begas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750;
on snne selfes dm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold
wende on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying,
_for, in exchange for_: me ic on mma hord mne be-bohte frde feorh-lege
(_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelce wt,
Geta dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651;
t he on nigne eorl ge-lfde fyrena frfre (_that she should rely on any
earl for help out of trouble_), 628;  hie ge-trwedon on tw healfa (_on
both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; t u him ondrdan ne earft ...
on  healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or
virtual superlatives = _among_: ns ... sinc-mum slra (= t ws
sinc-mma slest) on sweordes hd (_there was no better jewel in sword's
shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se ws Hrgre
hlea lefost on ge-ses hd (_dearest of men as, in the character of,
follower_, etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time,
within the time appointed_), 76; on uhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne
(_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on
tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoe (_in youth_),
409, 466; on geogo-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_),
1327; h lomp ew on lde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en
route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards,
about_: on undern-ml (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on
morgen-td, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stf (_toward the end, at
last_), 1754; oftor micle onne on nne s (_far oftener than once_),
1580.

III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on
innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; r on innan (_in
there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative e often separated from its
case: e ic her on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; e ge r on
standa (_that ye there stand in_), 2867.

on-c (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain,
suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-ce, 831.

on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_),
w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804.

on-lcnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352.

on-mdla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-mdlan, 2927. Cf.
Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.

on-sge, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg.  ws Hondsci (dat.)
hild on-sge, 2077; Hcynne wear ... g on-sge, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hwres ...
onweald ge-teh (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044.

open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.

openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.

orc (O.S. orc, Goth. arkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl.
orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.

orcn, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcnas, 112.

ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg.  t wordes ord brest-hord urh-brc
(_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_),
2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on
orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263.

oret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl.
oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332.

oretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges,
2408.

or-leg-hwl, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwl,
2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwla, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887.

or-anc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-ance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436;
orancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-anc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st.
m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-oncum, 2088; smies or-ancum,
406.

or-wna, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wna
(_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128.

oru, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oree, 2840.




 (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only
temporal:  one nne dg, 2400;  dmes dg, 3070;  woruld-ende,
3084.--2)  t, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56,
66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.

er (Goth. anar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom.
sg. subs.: se er, 2062; er(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Hcyn and
Hygelc), 2482; er ... er (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.:
er ... mihtig mn-sceaa (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to
1350), 1339; se er ... hle, 1816; fem. niht er, 2118; neut. er ger
(_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. erne, 653, 1861, 2441,
2485; enden refode rinc erne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_,
i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenew), 2986; neut. er swylc(_another such, an
equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. re se (_for the second time, again_),
2671, 3102; dat. sg. rum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.;
gen. sg. m. res dgores, 219, 606; neut. res, 1875.--2) _another, a
different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. er, 1756; er nnig (_no
other_), 860. Adj.: nig er man, 503, 534; so, 1561; er in (_a
different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. er flet, 1087; gen. sg. res
... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende er sdan (_ale drinkers
said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word er, 871.

fer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on fre, 1372.

fost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. fost is slest t gecanne (_haste is
best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. be u
on feste (foste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on fste, 1293; on
foste, 2784, 3091.

fost-lce, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131.

-hwr, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871.

mig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. mige, 3050.

r, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408;
dat. sg. on re, 1042.

-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. -wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433.


P

pd, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pd.

p, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. n-p.

plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074.


R

rae, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hre.

rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610;
dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; b ronde, 2539; acc. pl.
randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sd-rand.

rand-hbbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_:
gen. pl. rond-hbbendra, 862.

rand-wga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299;
acc. sg. rand-wgan, 1794.

rd, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rd.

ge-rd, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-rde, 874.

rp, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wl-rp.

rsian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part.  ws hord rsod, 2284.

rst. See rest.

rcan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. rhte ongen fend mid
folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748.

ge-rcan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... wpne ge-rhte
(_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556.

rd, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg.
nu is rd gelong eft t e num (_now is help to be found with thee
alone_), 1377; acc. sg. rd, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_:
acc. sg. t rd tala (_counts that a gain_), 2028; cne rd (_the eternal
gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. ce rdas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-rd,
and adj., n-, fst-rd.

rdan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera rdend
(_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. one e u mid rihte rdan
sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dm godes
ddum rdan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of,
every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-rdend.

rd-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326.

rden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp.
worold-rden(?).

-rran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl.  wron monige e his
mg ... ricone -rrdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother
quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part.
bld is -rred (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704.

rs, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. ge rs (_the storm of
battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. ge rsum, 2357.--Comp.: g-, hand-,
heao-, mgen-, wl-rs.

(ge-)rsan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. rsde on one rfan, 2691,
2840.

rswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda rswan, 60.

reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fira
feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91;
gerund, t lang is t reccenne, h ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...),
2094; pret. sg. syllc spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so
intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107.

reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412,
771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg.
recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eor-, heal-, horn-,
win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde,
326.

regnian, rnian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. de
rn[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169.

ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ...
golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, rn-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. rn-weardas (of
Bewulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.

rest, rst, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. rste, 139; dat. sg.
on rste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; t rste (_to
bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-rst, sele-rest, wl-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in
comp. fen-rst.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste
hine  rm-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858.

rc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rce, 3157.--Comp.:
wl-, wudu-rc.

rcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be
anxious_: pres. sg. III. wpna ne rce (_recketh not for weapons, weapons
cannot hurt him_), 434.

re, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. re, 771.
Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. res and-httres
(_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524.

ref, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the
victor from the vanquished): in comp. heao-, wl-ref.

refian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord refian, 2774; pret.
sg. enden refode rinc erne, 2986; wl refode, 3028; pret. pl. wl
refedon, 1213.

be-refian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-refod,
2747; golde be-refod, 3019.

reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cniw mannes
reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556.

reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026.

ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part.  ws eft sw r
... flet-sittendum fgere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were
hospitably entertained_), 1789

ret, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. rete, 2458.
Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes rete as dat. from ret (_rest,
repose_).

rec, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122.

be-refan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg.
fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. rete berofene, 2458.

ren. See rwan.

retan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl.  t ... roderas reta, 1377.

rew, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. bld-, g-, wl-rew. See
hrew.

ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984.

riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on
ryht (_according to right_), 1556; s and riht (_truth and right_), 1701;
dat. sg. wi rihte, 144; fter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050;
syllc spell rehte fter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111;
mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331;
--Comp. in el-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.

riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht.

rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See t-rihte.

rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel,
721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrgr, 1678; gen.
pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, g-, here-, heao-, hilde-, mago-,
s-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne,
2654.

rce, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg.
rce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081.
Comp. Swi-rce.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen
advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gest rce t rne, 172.

rce, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of Hrgr), 1238; (of Hygelc),
1210; (of sc-here), 1299; weak form, se rca (Hrgr), 310; (Bewulf),
399; (Hygelc), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rce.

rcsian, rxian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. rcsian, 2212;
pret. sg. rxode, 144.

rdan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. t his byre rde giong on galgan,
2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rdend, 2458; inf. wicge rdan, 234; mearum
rdan, 856; pret. sg. s-genga ... se e on ancre rd, 1884; him t-genes
rd (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlw riodan (_rode round
the grave-mound_), 3171.

ge-rdan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. se e ns ge-rd (_who rode
over the promontory_), 2899.

rm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dg-, un-rm.

ge-rm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dgor-ge-rim.

ge-rman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in
comp. for-germed.

-rsan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. -rs, 1391; pret. sg. -rs
 se rca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; -rs  b ronde (_arose by his
shield_), 2539; hwanan si fh -rs (_whence the feud arose_), 2404.

rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg.
rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310;
gen. pl. rodera, 1556.

rf, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539;
also with gen. mgenes rf (_strong in might_), 2085; so, eh e he rf
se n-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rfne, 1794; on one rfan, 2691.--Comp.:
beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heao-, hyge-, sige-rf.

rt, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rt.

rwan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. ren (for
rewon), 512, 539.

rm, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691.

rm, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. hte him eall t rm, wongas and
wc-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could
not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2)
in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. urh rmne
sefan, 278.

rm-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.

ge-rm-lc, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rm-lcor, 139.

rn, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat.
sg. ge-st rce t rne, 172.--Comp. beado-rn.

rn-stf, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. urh rn-stafas,
1696.

rn-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg.,
1326.

ge-rysne. See ge-risne.

ge-rman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl.
t hie him er flet eal ge-rmdon, 1087; pret. part.  ws Get-mcgum
... benc germed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part.
 me ge-rmed ws (s) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089;  him
germed wear, t hie wl-stwe wealdan mston, 2984.


S

ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal
swl-berendra ... gearwe stwe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the
death-bed), 1005.

on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive
of_: pres. subj. tte freouwebbe feores on-sce ... lefne mannan,
1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. t he smannum on-sacan
mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brde), 2955.

sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg.
sce, 154; scce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. t (t) scce,
954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl.
scca, 2030.

ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in t-somne, _together, united_,
307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

t-somne (_together_), 3123;  se wyrm ge-beh snde t-somne (_when the
dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569.

samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212,
1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod t-gdere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep.
w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod r-dge (_with the break of
day_), 1312; somod r-dge, 2943.

sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?);
fter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wi sande, 213.

sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scpes,
90; acc. sg. sige-lesne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; srigne sang
(Hrel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.

sl, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sle, 1907; on sle (sole, MS.), 302.

sl. See sl.

sr, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sr, 976; si
sr, 2469; acc. sg. sr, 788; sre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sre, 1252,
2312, 2747.--Comp. lc-sr.

sr, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. srum wordum, 2059.

sre, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: se e him [s]re gesced
(_who injured him sorely_), 2224.

srig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. srigne sang, 2448.

srig-fer, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. srig-fer (Wglf),
2864.

srig-md, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. srig-mdum, 2943.

sr-lc, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.

swol, swl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with lf,
the physical life): nom. sg. swol, 2821; acc. sg. swle, 184, 802; hene
swle, 853; gen. sg. swele, 1743; swle, 2423.

swl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl.
swl-berendra, 1005.

swul-drer, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore,
heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. swul-drire, 2694.

swul-les, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. swol-lesne, 1407;
swul-lesne, 3034.

sce, scce. See sacu.

sd, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-sd.

sl, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; sl, 307,
2076, 2265.

sld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond t sld
(Heorot), 1281.

s, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sdne s,
507; ofer s, 2381; ofer s sde, 2395; dat. sg. t s, 318; on s, 544;
dat. pl. be sm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

s-bt, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896.

s-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. s-cyninga,
2383.

s-der, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511.

s-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. s-dracan, 1427.

ge-sgan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. hfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes
sweordum ge-sged (_felled with the sword_), 885.

sge. See on-sge.

s-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

s-gep, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. s-gep
naca, 1897.

s-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. s-grunde, 564.

sl, sl, sl, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom.
sg. sl, 623, 1666, 2059; sl and ml, 1009; acc. sg. sle, 1136; gen. pl.
sla and mla, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness,
joy_: dat. pl. on slum, 608; slum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sl, adj.

ge-slan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-slde
t ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce
mla, swylce hira man-dryhtne earf ge-slde (_at such times as need
disposed it for their lord_), 1251.

slan (see sl), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. slde ... s-fme scip,
1918; pl. s-wudu sldon, 226.

ge-slan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-bega
fela searwum ge-sled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of
metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.

on-slan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sl meoto, sige-hr
secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy
presage of victory_?), 489.

s-lc, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. s-lce, 1625; acc. pl.
s s-lc, 1653.

s-ld, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. s-lde, 1140, 1158.

s-lend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. s-lend, 411, 1819, 2807;
s-lende, 377.

s-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. s-mannum, 2955; gen. pl.
s-manna, 329 (both times said of the Getas).

smra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. smra, 2881;
dat. sg. smran, 954.

s-me, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. s-me, 325.

s-ns, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. s-nssas, 223, 571.

sne, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. he on holme ws sundes 
snra, e hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom
death took away_), 1437.

s-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691.

s-s, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. fter s-se, 1150.

s-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. s-wong, 1965.

s-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. s-wealle, 1925.

s-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. s-wudu, 226.

s-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer s-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go,
glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. onne mn sceace lf of lce,
2743; inf.  com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun
came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. dugu ellor scc _(the
chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; onne strla storm ...
scc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of
shields_), 3119; pret. part. ws hira bld scacen (_their bravest men had
passed away_), 1125;  ws winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137;
so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under
sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg.
sceadu-genga, 704.

scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma
ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651.

scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp.
hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; n
he re feoh-gyfte ... scamigan orfte (_needed not be ashamed of his
treasure-giving_), 1027.

scawa (see scewlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.

ge-scd, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. g-hwres gescd,
worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288.

ge-scdan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera rdend hit on
ryht gescd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556.

scnan? See scnan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scnan having
been abandoned.

ge-scp-hwle, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat.
sg. t gescp-hwle (_at the fated hour_), 26.

scean, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre
scean (_hurt her life_), 1525; t on land Dena lra nnig mid scipherge
scean ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. r
him nnig wter wihte ne sceede, 1515.

ge-scean, the same: inf. t him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre
gescean, 1448.

scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc.

scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scr wered,
496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).

scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on m scennum scran goldes,
1695.

sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. onne
heoru bunden ... swn ofer helme andweard scire (_hews off the boar-head
on the helm_), 1288.

ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scr (_often
clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770.

sct. See scetan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaa, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaena, 4.--2) _fighter,
warrior_: nom. pl. scaan, 1804.--Comp.: ttor-, dol-, fend-, g-,
hearm-, led-, mn-, sin-, ed-, uht-sceaa.

sceaan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. se e oft
manegum scd (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888.

ge-sceaan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. sw him r gescd hild t Heorote,
1588; se e him sre ge-sced (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; n  r in
gescd hlan lce, 1503; bill r gescd eald-hlfordes am ra mma
mund-bora ws (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the
dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if
r and gescd form compound).

sceaen-ml, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.:
here-, wl-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. s
lnan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. for-, lf-,
ml-gesceaft.

scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of Bewulf),
940.--Comp ber-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu,
651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. heh ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange,
establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scp him
Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. ws si
wrht scepen heard wi Hgas, syan Hygelc cwom (_the contest with the
Hgas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915.

ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. lf ge-scep cynna gehwylcum, 97.

scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. g-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wga,
288.--Comp.: beadu-, heao-scearp.

scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is
decided_ or _determined_, in g-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214.

sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in
Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given,
sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see send).--Comp.
gif-sceat.

scet, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefrtwade foldan scetas leomum
and lefum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eoran sceta, 753.

scewere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. sceweras, 253.

scewian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. scewian, 841,
1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scewigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. t ge genge
nen scewia begas and brd gold, 3105; subj. pres. t ic ... scewige
swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scewode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for
pl., 844; pret. pl. scewedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.

ge-scewian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-scewod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp.

scetan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. se e of fln-bogan
fyrenum scete, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. scetend (_the warriors,
bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for scetendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.

ge-scetan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gescet
(_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320.

of-scetan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his mg of-sct ... bldigan
gre _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440.

scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437,
2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.

scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nyme mec god
scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom.
sg. scyld-freca, 1034.

scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.

scild-wga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wga, 288.

scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.

scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. t
scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. t scypum (scypon, MS.),
1155.

scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid
scip-herge, 243.

ge-scfe (for ge-scfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement),
2571; = G. _schief_?

scnan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... san scne, 607;
so, 1572; inf. geseah blcne leman beorhte scnan, 1518; pret. sg.
(g-byrne, woruld--candel) scn, 321, 1966; on him byrne scn, 405; pret.
pl. gold-fg scinon web fter wagum, 995; scionon, 303.

scr, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-ren scr, 322; scr
metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scr wered, 496; gen. sg. scran goldes, 1695.

scr-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scr-hame,
1896.

scoten. See sceten.

ge-scd, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp.
r-ge-scd(?). See ge-sceaan, and Note.

scp, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scpes,
90.

scrf, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eor-scrf.

scran, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scra, 163; inf. scran,
651, 704; scran t, 2570.

scrfan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. h him (Grendel)
scr metod scrfan wille, 980.

for-scrfan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. sian him
scyppend for-scrifen hfde, 106.

ge-scrfan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. sw him Wyrd ne ge-scrf (_as
Weird did not permit him_), 2575.

scrd, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-,
byrdu-scrd.

scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.

sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III.
sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.;
scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658;
scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444,
1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl.
scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde,
2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres.
sg. I., III. sceal bedan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637,
1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708;
pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3)
sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple
tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg.
he ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg.
se e wter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wcnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85;
se one gomelan grtan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; t se
byrn-wga bgan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919;
pl.  e beado-grman bwan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck the
battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as
wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mma ge-mnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so,
2660; sceal se hearda helm ... ftum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him
fter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. onne u for scyle (i.e. gangan),
1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again
expressed with a subsequent sceal: g  Wyrd sw hi scel (_Weird goeth
ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; g-bill ge-swc sw hit n sceolde (i.e.
ge-swcan), 2586.

sca, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. de-sca.

scfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part.  ws
morgen-leht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret.
pl. guman t scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_),
215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the
wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wd-scofen(?)

be-scfan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. w bi m e sceal
... swle be-scfan in fres fm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul
into fire's embrace_), 184.

scr, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. sern-scr.

scr-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scr-heard,
1034.

scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.

scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and
instr.: ealdres (morres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig
(_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072.

scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919

scynna. See scinna.

scyppend. See sceapan.

scyran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. t hit sceaen-ml scyran mste
(_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score, decide_.

scne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. mg scne, 3017.

se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102,
etc.; fem, se, 66, 146, etc.; neut. t;--relative: se (_who_), 1611,
2866; se e (_he who_), 2293; se e (_she who_), 1446; se e (for se e),
1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic
creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a
son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for se,
2422; dat. sg. am (for am e), 2780.

secce. See sacu.

secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208,
872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bewulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.;
(Wulfgr), 402; (Hnfer), 981; (Wglf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg
(Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas,
213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.

secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.

secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic anc secge,
1998; so, 2796; pres. part. sw se secg hwata secgende ws lra spella
(partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sgde
him s lenes anc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwt u worn fela ... sgdest from
his se, 532.--2) without acc inf. sw we slce secgan hrdon, 273;
pret. sg. sgde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591;
pl. III. secga, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865,
3027; gerund. t secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sgde, 90, 1176; pl.
sgdon, 377, 2188; sdan, 1946.

-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic -secgan suna
Healfdenes ... mn rende, 344.

ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; t ic his rest
e eft ge-sgde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret.
part. gesgd, 141; gesd, 1697.

sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044,
2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan,
473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. md-sefa.

ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen.

segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907.

segl-rd, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rde, 1430.

segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47,
1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. hefod-segn.

sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See sl.

seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld.

ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.

seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [n] seldan, 2030.

seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_:
nom. sg., 249.

sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment,
room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. t sele, 323,
1641; in (on, t) sele am hen, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den
of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: beh-, ber-, dryht-, eor-, gest-, gold-,
grund-, g-, heh-, hring-, hrf-, ni-, win-sele.

sele-drem, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. ra e is lf
ofgeaf, geswon sele-drem (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.

sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620.

sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. one
sele-gyst, 1546.

sele-rdend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl.,
51; acc. lede mne sele-rdende, 1347.

sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.

sele-egn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795.

sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668.

self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (?
selfa); u self, 595; u e self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the
king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29,
1734; m e him selfa deh (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_),
1840; seolfa, 3068; he sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne,
1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876;
wi sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes,
1148; on snne sylfes dm (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361,
2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116;
nom. pl. selfe, 419; S-Dene sylfe, 1997.

ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella.

sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give,
deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. sele him on le eoran
wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272,
1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde am e he
wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the
hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only
w. acc. of thing): r he feorh sele (_he prefers to give up his life_),
1371; nallas on gylp sele ftte begas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_,
etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wn of
wunder-fatum, 1162.

ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_:
inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143,
etc.

sel-lc, syl-lc (from seld-lc), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glf
... syllc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellce
s-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.

semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768.

sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. one
god sende folce t frfre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13;
so, 471, 1843.

for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. he wear on fenda
geweald ... snde for-sended, 905.

on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.:
imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. e hine ...
for on-sendon nne ofer e (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_), 45;
pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafa fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.

sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444),
w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sende, 601.--Leo.

serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl.
syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grge syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce;
here-, leoo-, lc-syrce.

sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718;  he b
sesse geng (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.

setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783,
2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: heh-, hilde-,
meodu-setl.

settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton s-me sde scyldas ... wi s
recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the
wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243.

-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hie him -setton segen
[gyl]-denne heh ofer hefod, 47; pret. part. hfde kyninga wuldor Grendle
t-genes ... sele-weard -seted, 668.

be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swn-lcum
(_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454.

ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. sw ws ...urh rn-stafas
rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sd (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly
marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg.
ge-sette ... sunnan and mnan leman t lehte land-bendum, 94.--3) =
componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. t he mid 
wfe wl-fha ... dl ... ge-sette, 2030.

scan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.:
pret. sg. sinc-ft shte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne shte
searo-nas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: onne his myne shte (_than his
wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard shte georne fter grunde (_the
hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for,
come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se e
... biorgas sce, 2273; subj. eh e h-stapa holt-wudu sce, 1370;
imper. sc gif u dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou
dare_), 1380; inf. scean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103,
etc.; scan, 665, 1451; drihten scean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187;
scean wyn-les wc (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell),
822; so, scan defla gedrg, 757; swle scan (_seek the life, kill_),
802; so, scean swle hord, 2423; gerund. scce t sceanne, 2563; pret.
sg. I., III. shte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. shtest, 458; pl. shton,
339.--3) _to seek, attack_: e s scea t Swena lede, 3002; pret. pl.
hine wrc-mcgas ofer s shtan, 2381.

ge-scan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif he gescean dear wg ofer wpen,
685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-scean,
693; gerund, t ge-scanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-shte, 463, 520, 718, 1952;
pret. part. nom. pl. feor-ce be slran ge-shte am e hine selfa
deh, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg.
ge-sce 2516; pret. sg. ge-shte, 2347; pl. ge-shton, 2927; ge-shtan,
2205.

ofer-scan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. ws si
hond t strong, se e mca gehwane ... swenge ofer-shte, onne he t scce
br wpen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every
sword in stroke, when he_ [Bewulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_,
i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in
battle), 2687.

sl, st. f. See sl.

sl, sl, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. slra,
861, 2194; m r slra ws (_to the one that was the better_, i.e.
Hygelc), 2200; de bi slla onne edwt-lf, 2891; neut. slre, 1385;
acc. sg. m. slran e (_a better than thee_), 1851; slran, 1198; neut. t
slre, 1760; dat. sg. m. slran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. slran,
1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. slest, 173, 1060; hsa slest,
146, 285, 936; fost is slest, 256; bolda slest, 2327; acc. sg. neut.
hrgla slest, 454; hsa slest, 659; billa slest, 1145;--weak form: nom.
sg. m. reced slesta, 412; acc. sg. m. one slestan, 1407, 2383; (s,
MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. m slestan, 1686; nom. pl. slestan, 416; acc.
pl.  slestan, 3123.

sl, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne by him
wihte  sl (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688.

sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_:
acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.

sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wter (_the sea_), 1990.

searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) _armor, accoutrements, war-gear_: nom.
pl. s-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in
panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl.
searwum, 1814.--2) _insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle_: 
ic of searwum cwom, fh from fendum, 419.--3) _cunning, art, skill_:
instr. pl. sadol searwum fh (_saddle cunningly ornamented_), 1039;
earmbega fela, searwum ge-sled (_many cunningly-linked armlets_),
2765.--Comp. fyrd-, g-, inwit-searo.

searo-bend, st. f., _band, bond, of curious workmanship_: instr. pl.
searo-bendum fst, 2087.

searo-fh, adj., _cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold_: nom. sg.
here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sd and searo-fh, 1445.

searo-ge-rc, st. n., _heap of treasure-objects_: acc. sg., 3103.

searo-gim, st. m., _cunningly set gem, rich jewel_: acc. pl. searo-gimmas,
2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158.

searo-grim, adj., _cunning and fierce_: nom. sg., 595.

searo-hbbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his
trappings_: gen. pl. searo-hbbendra, 237.

searo-net, st. n., _armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet_: nom. sg., 406.

searo-n, st. m.: 1) _cunning hostility, plot, wiles_: acc. pl.
searo-nas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only _hostility, feud, contest_: acc.
pl. searo-nas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-na, 582.

searo-anc, st. m., _ingenuity_: instr. pl. searo-oncum, 776.

searo-wundor, st. n., _rare wonder_: acc. sg., 921.

seax, st. n., _shortsword, hip-knife; dagger_: instr. sg. seaxe,
1546.--Comp. wl-seax.

seax-ben, st. f., _dagger-wound_: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905.

seofon, num., _seven_, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123.

seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to be tied; lie at rest_: inf. siomian, 2768;
pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., _to put in bonds, entrap, catch_:
pret. sg. dugue and geogoe seomade (cf. 2086-2092), 161.

seonu, st. f., _sinew_: nom. pl. seonowe, 818.

sec, adj., _feeble, weak; fatally ill_: nom. sg. feorh-bennum sec (of
Bewulf, _sick unto death_), 2741; siex-bennum sec (of the dead dragon),
2905; nom. pl. mdes sece (_sick of soul_), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-,
heao-sec.

sean, st. v. w. acc., _to seethe, boil_; figuratively, _be excited over,
brood_: pret. sg. ic s md-ceare sorh-wylmum se (_I pined in
heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190.

selo, st. m.?, _bight, bay_ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl.
silea bi-gong (_the realm of bights_ = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.

sen, sn, st. f., _aspect, sight_: in comp. wlite-, wundor-sen, an-sn.

sen, st. v., _to see_: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder sen, 921; so, 387,
1181, 1276, 3103; r mg nihta ge-hwm n-wundor sen (_there may every
night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ...
heal-sittendra medudrem mran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne
seah ic eledige us manige men mdiglcran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.:
pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lefe, 2864; pl. folc t
sgon (_looked on_), 1423.

ge-sen, _to see, behold_: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se e beh ge-syh,
2042; inf. ge-sen, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247,
927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-swon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.,
pres. sg. III. ge-syh ... on his suna bre win-sele wstne (_sees in his
son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, _hall of friends_?), 2456.--c) w.
inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining
shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. mre mum-sweord
monige ge-swon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg.
ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-swon, 221, 1348,
1426; ge-sgan, 3039; ge-sgon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. mg onne
... gesen sunu Hrles, t ic (_may the son of H. see that I..._), 1486;
pret. pl. ge-swon, 1592.

geond-sen, _to see, look through, over_, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) t eall
geond-seh, 3088.

ofer-sen, _to see clearly, plainly_: pret. pl. ofer-swon, 419.

on-sen, _to look on, at_, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-swon, 1651.

sewian, w. v., _to sew, put together, link_: pret. part. searo-net sewed
smies or-ancum (_the corselet woven by the smith's craft_), 406.

sib, st. f., _peace, friendship, relationship_: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb,
2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (_in peace_?),
154.--Comp.: dryht-, frio-sib.

sib-eling, st. m., _nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman_:
nom. pl. -elingas, 2709.

sibbe-gedryht, st. f., _body of allied_ or _related warriors_: acc. sg.
sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Getas), 730.

sian, syan: 1) adv.: a) _since, after, from now on, further_, 142, 149,
283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoan, 1876.--b)
_then, thereupon, after_, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoan, 1938;
r ne sian (_neither before nor after_), 719.

2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., _as soon as, when_, 413, 605, 1785, 2889,
2912.--b) w. ind. pret., _when, whilst_, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590,
2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoan, 1776;--_since_, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254,
1309, 2202;--_after_, either with pluperf.: sian him scyppend forscrifen
hfde (_after the Creator had proscribed him_), 106; so, 1473; or with
pret. = pluperf.: syan niht becom (_after night had come on_), 115; so,
6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or
pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.

siex. See seax.

sige-dryhten, st. m., _lord of victory, victorious lord_: nom. sg.
sige-drihten, 391.

sige-edig, adj., _blest with victory, victorious_: acc. sg. neut.
sige-edig bil, 1558.

sige-folc, st. n., _victorious people, troop_: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645.

sige-hr, st. f., _confidence of victory_(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note.

sige-hrig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.

sige-hwl, st. f., _hour_ or _day of victory_: gen. sg. sige-hwle, 2711.

sige-les, adj., _devoid of victory, defeated_: acc. sg. sige-lesne sang,
788.

sige-rf, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 620.

sige-ed, st. f., _victorious warrior troop_: dat. sg. on sige-ede,
2205.

sige-wpen, st. n., _victor-weapon, sword_: dat. pl. sige-wpnum, 805.

sigl, st. n.: 1) _sun_: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) _sun-shaped ornament_:
acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl.
sigla, 1158.--Comp. mum-sigl.

sigor, st. m., _victory_: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876,
3056.--Comp.: hr-, wg-sigor.

sigor-edig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg. sigor-edig secg (of Bewulf),
1312, 2353.

sin. See syn.

sinc, st. n., _treasure, jewel, property_: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc,
81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218,
2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429.

sinc-fh, adj., _treasure-decked_: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fge sel,
167.

sinc-ft, st. n., _costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--_a costly
object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623.

sinc-ge-stren, st. n., _precious treasure, jewel of value _: instr. pl.
-gestrenum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrena, 1227.

sinc-gifa, w. m., _jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler_: acc. sg.
sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Bewulf), 2312; (of schere),
1343.

sinc-mum, st. m., _treasure_: nom. sg., 2194.

sinc-ego, f., _acceptance, taking, of jewels_: nom. sg., 2885.

sin-dolh, st. n., _perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound_: nom. sg. syn-dolh,
818.

sin-fre, w. m., _wedded lord, husband_: nom. sg., 1935.

sin-gal, adj., _continual, lasting_: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale sce, 154.

sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., _continually, ever_, 1778; syngales, 1136.

singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190.

singan, st. v., _to sound, ring, sing_: pret. sg. hring-ren scr song in
searwum (_the ringed iron rang in the armor_), 323; horn stundum song
fs-lc f[yrd]-le (_at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song_),
1424; scp hwlum sang (_the singer sang at whiles_), 496.

-singan, _to sing out, sing to an end_: pret. part. le ws -sungen,
1160.

sin-here, st. m., (_army without end_?), _strong army, host_: instr. sg.
sin-herge, 2937.

sin-niht, st. f., _perpetual night, night after night_: acc. pl. sin-nihte
(_night after night_), 161.

sin-sceaa, w. m., _irreconcilable foe_: nom. sg. syn-scaa, 708; acc. sg.
syn-scaan, 802.

sin-snd, st. f., (_continuous biting_) _bite after bite_: dat. pl.
syn-sndum swealh (_swallowed bite after bite, in great bites_), 744.

sittan, st. v.: 1) _to sit_: pres. sg. Wglf site ofer Biwulfe, 2907;
imper. sg. site nu t symle, 489; inf. r sw-ferhe sittan eodon
(_whither the strong-minded went and sat_), 493; eode ... t hire fren
sittan (_went to sit by her lord_), 642; pret. sg. on wicge st (_sat on
the horse_), 286; t ftum st (_sat at the feet_), 500, 1167; r Hrgr
st (_where H. sat_), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gewrgad st ... fren eaxlum
neh, 2854; pret. pl. ston, 1165; gistas stan (MS. scan) ... and on mere
staredon (_the strangers sat and stared on the sea_), 1603.--2) _to be in a
certain state_ or _condition_ (_quasi_ copula): pret. sg. mre eden ...
unble st, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.

be-sittan, obsidere, _to surround, besiege_, w. acc.: best  sin-herge
sweorda lfe wundum wrge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of
the sword, wound-weary_), 2937.

for-sittan, obstrui, _to pass away, fail_: pres. sg. egena bearhtm
for-site (_the light of the eyes passeth away_), 1768.

ge-sittan: 1) _to sit, sit together_: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-st rce to
rne (_very often sat the king deliberating with his council_ (see rce),
171; wi earm ge-st (_supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm_?),
750; fa eal ge-st (_the whole troop sat down_), 1425; ge-st  wi
sylfne (_sat there beside, near to, him_, i.e. Hygelc), 1978;

ge-st  on nsse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syan) ... we t symble
ge-seten hfdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., _to seat one's self upon_ or _in
something, to board_: pret. sg.  ic ... s-bt ge-st, 634.

of-sittan, w. acc., _to sit over_ or _upon_: pret. sg. of-st  one
sele-gyst, 1546.

ofer-sittan, w. acc., _to dispense with, refrain from_ (cf. ofer, 2 [c]):
pres. sg. I. t ic wi one g-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge
ofer-sittan, 685.

on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, _to start from one's seat, to be startled_),
w. acc., _to fear_: inf.  fhe, atole ecg-rce ewer lede swe
onsittan _to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people_, 598.

ymb-sittan, _to sit around_, w. acc.: pret. pl. (t hie) ... symbel
ymb-ston (_sat round the feast_), 564. See ymb-sittend.

sd, adj.: 1) _wide, broad, spacious, large_: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glf)
sd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sdne scyld, 437; on sdne s, 507; fem.
byrnan sde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer s sde,
2395; neut. sde rce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sdan herge, 2348; acc. pl.
sde s-nssas, 223; sde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sdra sorga (_of great
sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, _great, noble_: acc. sg. urh sdne
sefan, 1727.

side, adv., _far and wide, afar_, 1224.

sd-fme, adj., _broad-bosomed_: acc. sg. sd-fme scip, 1918.

sd-fmed, _quasi_ pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sd-fmed scip, 302.

sd-rand, st. m., _broad shield_: nom. sg., 1290.

s (G. seu-s), adj., _late_: superl. nom. sg. sast sige-hwle (_the
last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. t sestan (_in the end, at
last_), 3014.

s, adv. compar., _later_: r and s (_sooner and later, early and
late_), 2501.

s (G. sin-s), st. m.: l) _road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., _road
to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; ns t e s (_that was no easy
road, task_), 2587; so, t ws gecor s, 766; acc. sg. s, 353, 512,
909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. se, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. ses,
579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, _return_: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking,
enterprise_; esp., _battle-work_: nom. sg. nis t ewer s, 2533; ne bi
swylc earges s (_such is no coward's enterprise_), 2542; acc. sg. s,
873. In pl.= _adventures_: nom. sas, 1987; acc. sas, 878; gen. sa,
318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. ns t forma s (_that was not the
first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle onne on nne
s, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, re, riddan) se, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287,
2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, s-,
wil-, wrc-s.

ge-s, st. m., _comrade, follower_: gen. sg. ge-ses, 1298; nom. pl.
ge-sas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sum, 1314, 1925,
2633; gen. pl. ge-sa, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-ges.

s-ft, st. m., _way, journey_: acc. sg. one s-ft, 202; dat. sg.
s-fate, 2640.

s-fram, -from, adj., _ready for the journey_: nom. pl. s-frome, 1814.

sian, w. v., _to journey, march_: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sode, 2120.

for-sian, _iter fatale inire_ (Grein): pret. sg. hfde  for-sod sunu
Ecg-ewes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551.

se, s. See wesan.

sgan, st. v., _to descend, sink, incline_: pret. pl. sigon t-somne
(_descended together_), 307; sigon  t slpe _(they sank to sleep_),
1252.

ge-sgan, _to sink, fall_: inf. ge-sgan t scce (_fall in battle_), 2660.

sn, poss. pron., _his_: acc. sg. m. snne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat.
sg. snum, 1508.

slp, st. m., _sleep_: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. t slpe, 1252.

slpan, st. v., _to sleep_: pres. part. nom. sg. slpende, 2220; acc. sg.
he gefng ... slpendne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl.
slpende frt folces Denigea fftyne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of
the people of the Danes_), 1582.

sleac, adj., _slack, lazy_: nom. sg., 2188.

sleahan, slen: 1) _to strike, strike at_: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. t
he me ongen sle (_that he should strike at me_), 682; pret. sg. yrringa
slh (_struck angrily_), 1566; so, slh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret.
sg. t he one n-gst nioor hwne slh _(that he struck the dragon
somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: _to slay, kill_: pret. sg. s
e he Abel slg (_because he slew A._), 108; so, slg, 421, 2180; slh,
1582, 2356; pl. slgon, 2051; pret. part.  ws Fin slgen, 1153.

ge-slen, w. acc.: 1) _to fight a battle_: pret. sg. ge-slh n fder
fhe mste, 459.--2) _to gain by fighting_: syan hie  mra ge-slgon,
2997.

of-slen, _to ofslay, kill_, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slh, 574, 1666, 3061.

sle (G. slei-s), adj., _savage, fierce, dangerous_: acc. sg. urh slne
n, 184; gen. pl. slra ge-slyhta, 2399.

slen, adj., _furious, savage, deadly_ nom. sg. sweord-bealo slen, 1148.

sltan, st. v., _to slit, tear to pieces_, w. acc.: pret. sg. slt
(slpendne rinc), 742.

slyht, st. m., _blow_: in comp. and-slyht.

ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), _battle, conflict_: gen. pl. slra
ge-slyhta, 2399.

smi, st. m., _smith, armorer_: nom. sg. wpna smi, 1453; gen. sg. smies,
406.--Comp. wundor-smi.

be-smiian, w. v., _to surround with iron-work, bands_, etc.: pret. part.
he (the hall Heorot) s fste ws innan and tan ren-bendum searo-oncum
besmiod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together
skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776.

snell, adj., _fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper_: nom. sg. se
snella, 2972.

snellc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691.

snotor, snottor, adj., _clever, wise, intelligent_: nom. sg. snotor, 190,
827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157,
3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor.

snotor-lce, adv., _intelligently, wisely_: compar. snotor-lcor, 1483.

snde, adv., _hastily, quickly, soon_, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.

be-snyian, w. v., _to rob, deprive of_: pret. sg. tte Ongeni ealdre
be-snyede Hcyn, 2925.

snyrian, w. v., _to hasten, hurry_: pret. pl. snyredon t-somne (_hurried
forward together_), 402.

snyttru, f., _intelligence, wisdom_: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid
mdes snyttrum, 1707; e we ealle r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed
which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_),
943. Adv., _wisely_, 873.

somne. See samne.

sorgian, w. v.: 1) _to be grieved, sorrow_: imper. sg. II. ne sorga!
1385.--2) _to care for, trouble one's self about_: inf. n u ymb mnes ne
earft lces feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my
life's [body's] sustenance_), 451.

sorh, st. f., _grief, pain, sorrow_: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me t secganne
(_pains me to say_), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid
re sorge, 2469; sorge (_in sorrow, grieved_), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela
... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-,
inwit-, egn-sorh.

sorh-cearig, adj., _curis sollicitus, heart-broken_: nom. sg., 2456.

sorh-ful, adj., _sorrowful, troublesome, difficult_: nom. sg., 2120; acc.
sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) s, 512, 1279, 1430.

sorh-les, adj., _free from sorrow_ or _grief_: nom. sg., 1673.

sorh-leo, st. n., _dirge, song of sorrow_: acc. sg., 2461.

sorh-wylm, st. m., _wave of sorrow_ nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905.

scn, st. f., _persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack_ (see scan): dat,
(instr.) re scne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778.

s, st. n., _sooth, truth_:: acc. sg. s, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865;
dat. sg. t se (_in truth_), 51, 591, 2326.

s, adj., _true, genuine_: nom. sg, t is s metod, 1612; acc. sg. n.
gyd wrc s and sr-lc, 2110.

se, adv., _truly, correctly, accurately_, 524; se gebunden (of
alliterative verse: _accurately put together_), 872.

s-cyning, st. m., _true king_: nom. sg. sigora s-cyning (_God_), 3056.

s-fst, adj., _soothfast, established in truth, orthodox_ (here used of
the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. s-fstra dm (_glory, realm, of the
saints_), 2821.

s-lce, adv., _in truth, truly, truthfully_, 141, 273, 2900.

sfte, adv., _gently, softly_: compar.  sft (_the more easily_),
2750.--Comp. un-sfte.

sna, adv., _soon, immediately_, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592,
1619, 1763, etc.

on-spannan, st. v., _to un-span, unloose_: pret. sg. his helm on-spen
(_loosed his helm_), 2724.

spel, st. n., _narrative, speech_: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel,
874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. we-spel.

spd, st. f.: 1) _luck, success_: in comp. here-, wg-spd.--2) _skill,
facility_: acc. sg. on spd (_skilfully_), 874.

spwan, st. v., _to spit, spew_, w. instr.: inf. gldum spwan (_spit
fire_), 2313

spor, st. n., _spur_: in comp. hand-spor.

spwan, st. v., _to speed well, help, avail_: pret. sg. him wiht ne spew
(_availed him naught_), 2855; h him t te spew (_how he sped in the
eating_), 3027.

sprc, st. f., _speech, language_: instr. sg. frcnan sprce (_through
bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: fen-, gylp-sprc.

sprecan, st. v., _to speak_: inf. ic sceal for sprecan gen ymbe Grendel
_(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. se e wyle s sprecan
(_he who will speak the truth_), 2865; imper. t Getum sprec (sprc, MS.),
1172; pret. sg. III. sprc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word fter sprc, 341;
n ymbe  fhe sprc, 2619; II. hwt u worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprce
(_how much thou hast spoken of Breca!_), 531; pl. hwt wit ge sprcon
(_what we two spoke of before_), 1477; gomele ymb gdne on-geador sprcon,
t big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that
they ..._), 1596; sw wit furum sprcon (_as we two spoke, engaged,
before_), 1708; pret. part.  ws ... ry-word sprecen, 644.

ge-sprecan, w. acc., _to speak_: pret. sg. ge-sprc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095.

spret, st. m., _pole; spear, pike_: in comp. eofor-spret.

springan, st. v., _to jump, leap; flash_: pret. sg. hr wde sprong _(the
body bounded far_), 1589; swt drum sprong for under fexe (_the blood
burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. wde sprungon
hilde-leman (_flashed afar_), 2583. Also figuratively: bld wde sprang
(_his repute spread afar_), 18.

ge-springan, _to spring forth_: pret. sg. sw t bld ge-sprang (_as the
blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, _to arise, originate_: pret. sg.
Sigemunde gesprong fter de-dge dm un-lytel, 885.

on-springan, _to burst in two, spring asunder_: pret. pl. seonowe
onsprungon, burston bnlocan 818.

standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., _to stand_: pres. III. pl.
ered-geatwe e ge r on standa (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye
there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels
standing_), 2761; pret. sg. t he std hringed-stefna (_in the harbor
stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; std on stapole
(_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; t him on aldre
std here-strl hearda (_that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals_),
1435; so, 2680; pl. gras stdon ... samod t-gdere (_the spears stood
together_), 328; him big stdan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and
pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis t feor heonon ...
t se mere stande, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in
a certain state_: subj. pres. t es sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum del
and unnyt (_that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior_),
411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaa opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. 
t del std hsa slest, 145; so, 936; wter under std drerig and
ge-drfed, 1418--3) _to belong_ or _attach to; issue_: pret. sg. Nor-Denum
std atelc egesa (_great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes_),
784; ra num std sadol searwum fh (_on one of the steeds lay an
ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-lema eldum on andan (_burning
light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; leht inne std (_a light stood
in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of egum std ... leht unfger (_an
uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, t [fram] am gyste
[gryre-] brga std, 2229.

-standan, _to stand up, arise_: pret. sg. -std, 760, 1557, 2093.

t-standan, _to stand at, near_, or _in_: pret. sg. t hit (i.e. t
swurd) on wealle t-std, 892.

for-standan, _to stand against_ or _before_, hence: 1) _to hinder,
prevent_: pret. sg. (brest-net) wi ord and wi ecge in-gang for-std
(_the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering_), 1550; subj.
nefne him witig god wyrd for-stde (_if the wise God had not warded off
such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2)
_defend_, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. t he ... mihte
heo-lendum hord for-standan, bearn and brde (_that he might protect
his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956.

ge-standan, intrans., _to stand_: pret. sg. ge-std, 358, 404, 2567; pl.
nealles him on hepe hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestdon (_not at all did his
boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597.

stapa, w. m., _stepper, strider_: in comp. h-, mearc-stapa.

stapan, st. v., _to step, stride, go forward_: pret. sg. eorl furur stp,
762; gum-fa stop lind-hbbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode
on_), 1402.

t-stapan, _to stride up_ or _to_: pret. sg. for ner t-stp (_strode up
nearer_), 746.

ge-stapan, _to walk, stride_: pret. sg. he to for gestp dyrnan crfte,
dracan hefde neh (_he_, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the
vessel, _had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head_), 2290.

stapol, st. m., (=[Greek: bsis]), _trunk of a tree_; hence, _support,
pillar, column_: dat. sg. std on stapole (_stood by_ or _near the wooden
middle column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl.  stn-bogan stapulum fste
(_the arches of stone upheld by pillars_), 2719. See Note.

starian, w. v., _to stare, look intently at_: pres. sg. I. t ic on one
hafelan ... egum starige (_that I see the head with my eyes_), 1782; ra
frtwa ... e ic her on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look
upon_), 2797; III. onne he on t sine stara, 1486; sg. for pl. ra e
on swylc stara, 997; pret. sg. t (sin-fre) hire an dges egum starede,
1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.

stn, st. m., 1) _stone_: in comp. eorclan-stn.--2) _rock_: acc. sg. under
(ofer) hrne stn, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stne, 2289, 2558.

stn-beorh, st. m., _rocky elevation, stony mountain_: acc. sg. stn-beorh
stepne, 2214.

stn-boga, w. m., _stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock_: dat. sg.
stn-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stn-bogan, 2719.

stn-clif, st. n., _rocky cliff_: acc. pl. stn-cleofu, 2541.

stn-fh, adj., _stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors_: nom.
sg. strt ws stn-fh (_the street was of different colored stones_), 320.

stn-hli, st. n., _rocky slope_: acc. pl. stn-hlio, 1410.

stf, st. m.: 1) _staff_: in comp. rn-staf.--2) _elementum_: in comp. r-,
ende-, fcen-stf.

stl, st. m., _place, stead_: dat. sg. t u me  wre for-gewitenum on
fder stle (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to
me_), 1480.

stlan, w. v., _to place; allure_ or _instigate_: inf.  ic on morgne
ge-frgn mg erne billes ecgum on bonan stlan _(then I learned that on
the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's
edge_; or, _one avenged the other on the murderer_?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486.

ge-stlan, _to place, impose, institute_: pret. part. ge feor hafa fhe
ge-stled (_Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us_),
1341.

stede, st. m., _place, -stead_: in comp. bl-, burh-, folc-, heh-, meel-,
wang-, wc-stede.

stefn, st. f., _voice_: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niwan) stefne
(properly nov voce) = denuo, _anew, again_, 2595, 1790.

stefn, st. m., _prow of a ship_: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-,
wunden-stefna.

on-stellan, w. v., _constituere, to cause, bring about_: pret. sg. se s
or-leges r on-stealde, 2408.

steng, st. m., _pole, pike_: in comp wl-steng.

ge-steppan, w. v., _to stride, go_: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer s sde
sunu htheres (_O.'s son_, i.e. Edgils, _went with warriors over the broad
sea_), 2394.

stede (O.H.G. stti, M.H.G. stte), adj., _firm, steady_: nom. sg. ws
stde ngla ge-hwylc stle ge-lcost (_each nail-place was firm as steel_),
986.

stpan, w. v. w. acc., _to exalt, honor_: pret. sg. eh e hine mihtig god
... eafeum stpte, 1718.

ge-steald, st. n., _possessions, property_: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156.

ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), _companion, comrade_: in comp. eaxl-,
fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nd-ge-stealla.

stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), _stout-hearted, courageous_: nom. sg.
(of the dragon), 2289; (of Bewulf), 2553.

step, adj., _steep, projecting, towering_: acc. sg. stepne hrf, 927;
stn-beorh stepne, 2214; wi stepne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas
stepe, 222; neut. step stn-hlio, 1410.--Comp. heao-step.

stille, adj., _still, quiet_: nom. sg. wd-floga wundum stille, 2831.

stille, adv., _quietly_, 301.

stincan, st. v., _to smell; snuff_: pret. sg. stonc  fter stne
(_snuffed along the stone_), 2289.

st, adj., _hard, stiff_: nom. sg. wunden-ml (swurd) ... st and
stlecg, 1534.

st-md, adj., _stout-hearted, unflinching_: nom. sg., 2567.

stg, st. m., _way, path_: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stge nearwe,
1410--Comp. medu-stg.

stgan, st. v., _to go, ascend_: pret. sg.  he t holme [st]g (_when he
plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212;
Wedera lede on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. r he on bed stige, 677.

-stgan, _to ascend_: pres. sg. onon -geblond up -stge won t
wolcnum, 1374; g-rinc -sth (_the fierce hero ascended_, i.e. was laid
on the pyre? or, _the fierce smoke_ [rc] _ascended?_), 1119; gamen eft
-sth (_joy again went up, resounded_), 1161; wudu-rc -sth sweart of
swioole, 3145; swg up -stg, 783.

ge-stgan, _to ascend, go up_: pret. sg.  ic on holm ge-sth, 633.

storm, st. m., _storm_: nom. sg. strla storm (_storm of missiles_), 3118;
instr. sg. holm storme wel (_the sea billowed stormily_), 1132.

stl, st. m., _chair, throne, seat_: in comp. brego-, el-, gif-,
gum-stl.

stw, st. f., _place, -stow_: nom. sg. nis t heru stw (_a haunted
spot_), 1373; acc. sg. frcne stwe, 1379; grund-bendra gearwe stwe _(the
place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-ndan), 1007:
comp. wl-stow.

strang, strong, adj., _strong; valiant; mighty_: nom. sg. ws t ge-win t
strang (_that sorrow was too great_), 133; u eart mgenes strang (_strong
of body_), 1845; ws si hond t strong (_the hand was too powerful_),
2685; superl. wgena strengest (_strongest of warriors_), 1544; mgenes
strengest (_strongest in might_), 196; mgene strengest, 790.

strdan? (cf. strde = passus, gressus), _to tread_, (be)-_stride, stride
over_ (Grein): subj. pres. se one wong strde, 3074. See Note.

strl, st. m., _arrow, missile_: instr. sg. biteran strle, 1747; gen. pl.
strla storm, 3118.

strt, st. f., _street, highway_: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. strte, 1635;
fealwe strte, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-strt.

strengel, st. m., (_endowed with strength_), _ruler, chief_: acc. sg.
wgena strengel, 3116.

strengo, st. f., _strength, power, violence_: acc. sg. mgenes strenge,
1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum =
_violently, powerfully_ [_loosed from the strings_?], 3118: in comp.
hilde-, mgen-, mere-strengo.

strgan (O.S. strwian), w. v., _to strew, spread_: pret. part, ws m
yldestan ... mororbed strd (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest
one_), 2437.

strem, st. m., _stream, flood, sea_: acc. sg. strem, 2546; nom. pl.
stremas, 212; acc. pl. stremas, 1262: comp. brim-, egor-, firgen-,
lagu-strem.

ge-stren (cf. stren = robur, vis), st. n., _property, possessions_;
hence, _valuables, treasure, jewels_: nom. pl. Heao-beardna ge-stren
(_the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas_, i.e. the accoutrements
belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. elinga, eorla ge-stren, 1921,
3168.--Comp.: r-, eald-, eorl-, heh-, hord-, long-, mm-, sinc-,
ed-ge-stren.

strdan, st. v., _to plunder, carry off_: subj. pres. ns  on hlytme hw
t hord strude, 3127.

ge-strnan, w. v. w. acc., _to acquire, gain_: inf. s e (_because_) ic
mste mnum ledum ... swylc ge-strnan, 2799.

stund, st. f., _time, space of time, while_: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at
times_), 1424.

styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to arrange, put in order, tell_: inf. secg eft
on-gan s Bewulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s
feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) _to rouse, stir up_:
pres. sg. III. onne wind styre l ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up
the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) _to move against, attack, disturb_: subj.
pres. t he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the
ring-hall with his hands_), 2841.

styrman, w. v., _to rage, cry out_: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.

stle, st. n., _steel_: dat. sg. stle, 986.

stl-ecg, adj., _steel-edged_: nom. sg., 1534.

be-stman, w. v., _to inundate, wet, flood_: pret. part. (wron) eal
benc-elu blde be-stmed, 486.

suhtor-ge-fderan (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's
brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165.

sum, pron.: 1) indef., _one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something_: a)
without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne
sceal r dyrne sum wesan (_naught there shall be hidden_), 271; acc. sg.
m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (_by a word, expressly_), 2157; nom.
pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg.
gumena sum (_one of men, a man_), 1500, 2302; mere-hrgla sum, 1906; t
ws wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of
cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fftena sum (_one of fifteen,
with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fera sum (_one of
few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (_one of many, with many_),
2092; manna cynnes sumne (_one of the men_), i.e. one of the watchmen in
Heorot), 714; fera sumne (_some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes_?),
3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the
afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. ewer sum (_a certain one, that one, of you_,
i.e. Bewulf), 248; g-beorna sum (_the afore-mentioned warrior_, i.e. who
had shown the way to Hrgr's palace), 314; eorla sum (_the said knight_,
i.e. Bewulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-rna sum (_a certain hoard-hall_), 2280.

sund, st. m.: 1) _swimming_: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. t sunde (_in
swimming_), 517; on sunde (_a-swimming_), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2)
_sea, ocean, sound_: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427,
1445.

ge-sund, adj., _sound, healthy, unimpaired_: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629,
1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fder alwalda ... ewic
ge-healde sa ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on
your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund.

sund-ge-bland, st. n., (_the commingled sea_), _sea-surge, sea-wave_: acc.
sg., 1451.

sund-nyt, st. f., _swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming_: acc. sg.
sund-nytte dreh (_swam through the sea_), 2361.

sundur, sundor, adv., _asunder, in twain_: sundur gedlan (_to separate,
sunder_), 2423.

sundor-nyt, st. f., _special service_ (service in a special case): acc. sg.
sundor-nytte, 668.

sund-wudu, st. m., (_sea-wood_), _ship_: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208,
1907.

sunne, w. f., _sun_: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.

sunu, st. m., _son_: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc.
sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227,
2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381.

s, adv., _south, southward_, 859.

san, adv., _from the south_, 607; sigel san fs (_the sun inclined from
the south_), 1967.

swarian, w. v., _to sink to rest, grow calm_: brimu swaredon (_the waves
became calm_), 570. See swerian.

swau, st. f., _trace, track, pathway_: acc. sg. swae, 2099.--Comp.:
swt-, wald-swau.

swaul, st. m.? n.?, _smoke, mist_ (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on
swaule, 783. See sweool.

swancor, adj., _slender, trim_: acc. pl. ri wicg swancor, 2176.

swan-rd, st. f., _swan-road, sea_: acc. sg. ofer swan-rde, 200.

and-swarian, w. v., _to answer_: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258;
so, 340.

sw: 1) demons, adv., _so, in such a manner, thus_: sw sceal man dn,
1173, 1535; sw  driht-guman dremum lifdon, 99; t ge-fndon sw (_that
we thus accomplished_), 538; r hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so,
20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; sw
manlce _(so like a man_), 1047; sw fela (_so many_), 164, 592; sw
derlce dd (_so valiant a deed_), 585; hine sw gdne (_him so good_),
347; on sw geongum feore (_in so youthful age_), 1844; ge-d him sw
ge-wealdene worolde dlas t ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to
him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = _ever, the_ (adv.): me n md-sefa
lca leng sw wel (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the
better_), 1855. As an asseverative = _so_: sw me Higelc se ... mdes
ble (_so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!_), 435; sw eh
(_nevertheless, however_), 973, 1930, 2879; sw h, 2968; hwre sw eh
(_yet however_), 2443.--2): a) conj., _as, so as_:  t his byre mihte
eorlscipe efnan sw his rfder (_until his son might do noble deeds, as
his old father did_), 2623; eft sw r (_again as before_), 643;--with
indic.: sw he selfa bd (_as he himself requested_), 29; sw he oft dyde
(_as he often did_), 444; g  Wyrd sw hi sceal, 455; sw guman
gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235,
1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: sw n sefa hwette _(as pleases thy
mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) _as, as then, how_, 1143; sw
hie  wron ... nd-gesteallan (_as they were ever comrades in need_), 882;
sw hit dipe ... be-nemdon ednas mre (_as, [how?] the mighty princes
had deeply cursed it_), 3070; sw he manna ws wgend weorfullost (_as he
of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) _just as, the moment when_:
sw t bld gesprang, 1668. d) _so that_: sw he ne mihte n (_so that he
might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German so:
worhte wlite-beorhtne wang sw wter bebge (_wrought the beauteous plain
which_ (acc.) _water surrounds_), 93.--4) sw ... sw = _so ... as_, 595,
687-8, 3170; efne sw ... sw (_even so ... as_), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne
sw hwylc mga sw (_such a woman as, whatsoever woman_), 944; efne sw
hwylcum manna sw (_even so to each man as_), 3058.

for-swfan, st. v., _to carry away, sweep off_: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd
for-swef mne mgas t metod-sceafte, 2815.

for-swpan, st. v., _to sweep off, force_: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forswep on
Grendles gryre, 477.

swt, st. m., (_sweat_), _wound-blood_: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg.
swte, 1287.--Comp. heao-, hilde-swt.

swt-fh, adj., _blood-stained_: nom. sg., 1112.

swtig, adj., _gory_: nom. sg., 1570.

swt-swau, st. f., _blood-trace_: nom. sg., 2947.

be-swlan, w. v., _to scorch_: pret. part. ws se lg-draca ... gldum
beswled, 3042.

sws, adj., _intimate, special, dear_: acc. sg. swsne el, 520; nom. pl.
swse ge-sas, 29; acc. pl. lede swse, 1869; swse ge-sas, 2041; gen.
pl. swsra ge-sa, 1935.

sws-lce, adv., _pleasantly, in a friendly manner_, 3090.

swebban, w. v., (_to put to sleep_), _to kill_: inf. ic hine sweorde
swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefe, 601.

-swebban, _to kill, slay_: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum -swefede, 567.

swerian, w. v., _to lessen, diminish_: inf. t t fyr ongan swerian,
2703; pret. sian Heremdes hild swerode, 902.

swefan, st. v.: 1) _to sleep_: pres. sg. III. swefe, 1742; inf. swefan,
119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swf, 1801; pl. swfon, 704; swfun, 1281.--2)
_to sleep the death-sleep, die_: pres. sg. III. swefe, 1009, 2061, 2747;
pl. swefa, 2257, 2458.

swegel, st. n., _ether, clear sky_: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen.
sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774.

swegle, adj., _bright, etherlike, clear_: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas,
2750.

swegel-wered, _quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad_: nom. sg. sunne
swegl-wered, 607.

swelgan, st. v., _to swallow_: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-sndum swealh
(_swallowed in great bites_), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nyme lges
fm swulge on swaule, 783.

for-swelgan, w. acc., _to swallow, consume_: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123,
2081.

swellan, st. v., _to swell_: inf.  si wund on-gan ... swlan and
swellan, 2714.

sweltan, st. v., _to die, perish_: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca
morre swealt (_died a violent death_), 893, 2783; wundor-dee swealt,
3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.

swencan, w. v., _to swink, oppress, strike_: pret. sg. hine wundra s fela
swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511.

ge-swencan, _to oppress, strike, injure_: pret. sg. syan hine Hcyn ...
flne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hstapa hundum
ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.

sweng, st. m., _blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge _(with
its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-,
hete-, heao-, heoro-sweng.

swerian, st. v., _to swear_: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swr fela a on unriht
(_swore no false oaths_), 2739; he me as swr, 472.

for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic
formul?)_: pret. part. he sige-wpnum for-sworen hfde, 805.

swg, st. m., _sound, noise, uproar_: nom. sg. swg, 783; hearpan swg, 89,
2459, 3024; sige-folca swg, 645; sang and swg, 1064; dat. sg. swge,
1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-swg.

swlan, w. v., _to burn_ (here of wounds): inf. swlan, 2714. See swlan.

sweart, adj., _swart, black, dark_: nom. sg. wudu-rc sweart, 3146; dat.
pl. sweartum nihtum, 167.

sweool (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and
Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, _vapor, smoke, smoking flame_:
dat. sg. ofer swioole (MS. swic ole), 3146. See swaul.

sweofot, st. m., _sleep_: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296.

sweolo, st. m., _heat, fire, flame_: dat. sg. sweoloe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G.
suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.

sweorcan, st. v., _to trouble, darken_. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on
sefan sweorce (_darkens his soul_), 1738.

for-sweorcan, _to grow dark_ or _dim_: pres. sg. III. egena bearhtm
for-site and for-sworce, 1768.

ge-sweorcan (intrans.), _to darken_: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.

sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., _sword_: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570,
1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809,
2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde,
561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl.
sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl.
sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: g-, mum-, wg-sweord.

sweord, st. f., _oath_: in comp. -sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065.

sweord-bealo, st. n., _sword-bale, death by the sword_: nom. sg., 1148.

sweord-freca, w. m., _sword-warrior_: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.

sweord-gifu, st. f., _sword-gift, giving of swords_: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu,
2885.

sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) _clear, bright_: nom. sg. swutol sang scpes,
90.--2) _plain, manifest_: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tcen sweotol,
834; instr. sg. sweotolan tcne, 141.

swef, swep. See swfan, swpan.

swi, st. n.? (O.N. swii), _burning pain_: in comp. ry-swi(?).

swift, adj., _swift_: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265.

swimman, swymman, st. v., _to swim_: inf. swymman, 1625.

ofer-swimman, w. acc., _to swim over_ or _through_: pret. sg. ofer-swam
siolea bigong (_swam over the sea_), 2368.

swincan, st. v., _to struggle, labor, contend_: pret. pl. git on wteres
ht seofon niht swuncon, 517.

ge-swing, st. n., _surge, eddy_: nom. sg. atol a geswing, 849.

swingan, st. v., _to swing one's self, fly_: pres. sg. III. ne gd hafoc
geond sl swinge, 2265.

swcan, st. v.: 1) _to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon_: pret. sg.
nfre hit (_the sword_) t hilde ne swc manna ngum, 1461.--2) _to
escape_: subj. pret. btan his lc swice, 967.

ge-swcan, _to deceive, leave in the lurch_: pret. sg. g-bill ge-swc
nacod t ne, 2585, 2682; w. dat. se ecg ge-swc edne t earfe (_the
sword failed the prince in need_), 1525.

sw, sw (Goth, swin-s), adj., _strong, mighty_: nom. sg. ws t ge-win
t sw, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. si swre hand (_the right hand_), 2099;
_harsh_, 3086.

swe, adv., _strongly, very, much_, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swe,
2171, 2188. Compar. swor, _more, rather, more strongly_, 961, 1140, 1875,
2199--Comp. un-swe.

ofer-swian, w. v., _to overcome, vanquish_, w. acc. of person: pres. sg.
III. oferswe, 279, 1769.

sw-ferh, adj., (_fortis animo_), _strong-minded, bold, brave_: nom. sg.
sw-ferh, 827; gen. sg. sw-ferhes, 909; nom. pl. sw-ferhe, 493;
dat. pl. sw-ferhum, 173.

sw-hycgend, pres. part. (_strenue cogitans_), _bold-minded, brave in
spirit_: nom. sg. sw-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. sw-hycgende, 1017.

sw-md, adj., _strong-minded_: nom. sg., 1625.

on-swfan, st. v. w. acc., _to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate_:
pret. sg. biorn (Bewulf) bord-rand on-swf wi am gryre-gieste, 2560.

swgian, w. v., _to be silent, keep silent_: pret. sg. lyt swgode niwra
spella (_kept little of the new tidings silent_), 2898; pl. swgedon ealle,
1700.

swgor, adj., _silent, taciturn_: nom, sg. weak,  ws swgra secg ... on
gylp-sprce g-ge-weorca, 981.

swn, swn, st. n., _swine, boar_ (image on the helm): nom. sg. swn, 1112;
acc. sg. swn, 1287.

swn-lc, st. n., _swine-image_ or _body_: instr. pl. swn-lcum, 1454.

swgan, st. v., _to whistle, roar_: pres. part. swgende lg, 3146.

swutol. See sweotol.

swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = _talis, such, such a_;
relative = _qualis, as, which_: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709;
swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ...
swylc (_all ... which, as_), 72; er swylc (_such another_, i.e. hand),
1584; on swylc (_on such things_), 997; dat. sg. g-fremmendra swylcum
(_to such a battle-worker_, i.e. Bewulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwt
(_some such_), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166;
swylce twegen (_two such_), 1348; ealle earfe swylce (_all needs that_),
1798; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might
find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce mla swylce (_at just
such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-na, 582; swylcra fela ...
r-gestrena, 2232.

swylce, adv., _as, as also, likewise, similarly_, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855,
908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (_and likewise_),
2259; swilce, 1153.

swylt, st. m., _death_: nom. sg., 1256, 1437.

swylt-dg, st. m., _death-day_: dat. sg. r swylt-dge, 2799.

swynsian, w. v., _to sound_: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612.

swyrd. See sweord.

swl. See sw.

swn. See swn.

syan (seian, Gen. 1525), w. v., _to punish, avenge_, w. acc.: inf. onne
hit sweordes ecg syan scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge
it_), 1107.

syan. See sian.

syfan-wintre, adj., _seven-winters-old_: nom. sg., 2429.

syh. See sen.

syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., _sill, bench-support_: dat. sg. fram sylle,
776.

sylfa. See selfa.

syllan. See sellan.

syllc. See sellc.

symbol, syml, st. n., _banquet, entertainment_: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011;
geaf me sinc and symbel (_gave me treasure and feasting_, i.e. made me his
friend and table-companion), 2432; t hie ... symbel ymbston (_that they
might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009;
symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.

symble, symle, adv., _continually, ever_: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle
ws  smra (_he was ever the worse, the weaker_, i.e. the dragon), 2881.

symbel-wyn, st. f., _banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting_: acc. sg.
symbel-wynne dreh, 1783.

syn, st. f., _sin, crime_: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl.
synnum, 976, 1256, 3072.

syn. See sin.

syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), _persecuted on account of guilt?_
(Rieger), _guilt-haunted?_: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228.

ge-syngian, w. v., _to sin, commit a crime_: pret. part. t ws feohles
ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.

synnig, adj., _sin-laden, sinful_: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.:
fela-, un-synnig.

ge-synto, f., _health_: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870.

syrce. See serce.

syrwan, w. v. w. acc., _to entrap, catch unawares_: pret. sg. dugue and
geogoe seomade and syrede, 161.

be-syrwan: 1) _to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect_: inf. dd e
we ealle r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not
accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and
destroy_: inf. mynte se mnscaa manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell
foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) _of the men_), 714.

sn, f., _seeing, sight, scene_: comp, an-sn.

ge-sne, adj., _visible, to be seen_: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059,
3160.--Comp.: -ge-sne, -ge-sne.


T

taligean, w. v.: 1) _to count, reckon, number; esteem, think_: pres. sg. I.
n ic me ... hngran g-geweorca onne Grendel hine (_count myself no
worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; wn ic talige ...t (_I count on the
hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. t rd tala t (_counts it
gain that_), 2028.--2) _to tell, relate_: s ic talige (_I tell facts_),
532; sw u self talast (_as thou thyself sayst_), 595.

tcen, st. n., _token, sign, evidence_: nom. sg. tcen sweotol, 834; dat.
instr. sg. sweotolan tcne, 141; tres t tcne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tcen.

tn, st. m., _twig_: in comp. ter-tn. [emended to ter-terum in
text--KTH]

ge-tcan, w. v., _to show, point out_: pret. sg. him  hilde-der hof
mdigra torht ge-thte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright
dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, _to indicate, assign_:
pret. sna me se mra mago Healfdenes ... wi his sylfes sunu setl gethte
(_assigned me a seat by his own son_), 2014.

tle, adj., _blameworthy_: in comp. un-tle.

ge-tse, adj., _quiet, still_: nom. sg. gif him wre ... niht ge-tse
(_whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night_), 1321.

tela, adv., _fittingly, well_, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.

telge. See talian.

tellan, w. v., _to tell, consider, deem_: pret. sg. ne his lf-dagas leda
nigum nytte tealde (_nor did he count his life useful to any man_), 795;
t ic me nigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not
that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cw he one g-wine gdne tealde
(_said he counted the war-friend good_), 1811; he sic gr-wgend gde
tealde (_deemed us good spear-warriors_), 2642; pl. sw (_so that_) hine
Geta beam gdne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) _to ascribe, count against, impose_:
pret. sg. (ryo) him wlbende weotode tealde hand-gewriene, 1937.

ge-tenge, adj., _attached to, lying on_: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge,
2759.

ter, st. m., _tear_: nom. pl. teras, 1873.

teoh, st. f., _troop, band_: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939.

(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., _to fix, determine, assign_: pret. sg. ic for lssan
len teohhode ... hnhran rince, 952; pres. part. ws er in r geteohhod
(_assigned_)... mrum Gete, 1301.

ten, st. v., _to draw, lead_: inf. hht ... eahta mearas ... on flet ten
(_bade eight horses be led into the hall_), 1037; pret. sg. me t grunde
teh fh fend-sceaa (_the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom_),
553; eft-sas teh (_withdrew, returned_), 1333; sg. for pl. g-hwylcum
...ra e mid Bewulfe brim-lde teh (_to each of those that crossed the
sea with B._) 1052; pret. part.  ws ... heard ecg togen (_then was the
hard edge drawn_), 1289; wear ... on ns togen (_was drawn to the
promontory_), 1440.

-ten, _to wander, go_, intrans.: pret. sg. t Heorute -teh (_drew to
Heorot_), 767.

ge-ten: 1) _to draw_: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teh, 2611; w. instr. and
acc. hyre seaxe ge-teh, brad brn-ecg, 1546.--2) _to grant, give, lend_:
imp. n u him wearne geteh nra gegn-cwida gldnian (_refuse not to
gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and  Bewulfe bega
gehwres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teh (_and the prince of the Ingwins
gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, he him st geteh (_gave possession
of_), 2166.

of-ten, _to deprive, withdraw_, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg.
Scyld Scfing ... monegum mgum meodo-setla of-teh, 5; w. acc. of thing,
hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teh, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne
of-teh, 1521.

urh-ten, _to effect_: inf. gif he torn-gemt urh-ten mihte, 1141.

ten (cf. teh, _materia_, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., _to make, work_:
pret. sg. tede, 1453;--_to furnish out, deck_: pret. pl. nalas hi hine
lssan lcum tedan (_provided him with no less gifts_), 43.

ge-ten, _to provide, do, bring on_: pres. sg. unc sceal weoran ... sw
unc Wyrd ge-te, 2527; pret. sg. e him ... sre ge-tede (_who had done
him this harm_), 2296.

ge-tena, w. m., _injurer, harmer_: in comp. l-ge-tena.

til, adj., _good, apt, fit_: nom. sg. m. Hlga til, 61; egn ungemete till
(of Wglf), 2722; fem. ws se ed tilu, 1251; neut. ne ws t ge-wrixle
til, 1305.

tilian, w. v. w. gen., _to gain, win_: inf. gif ic ... wihte mg nre
md-lufan mran tilian (_if I ... gain_), 1824.

timbrian, w. v., _to build_: pret. part. acc. sg. sl timbred (_the
well-built hall_), 307.

be-timbrian, (construere), _to finish building, complete_: pret. pl.
betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rfes bcn, 3161.

td, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra td, 147; lange td,
1916; in  tde, 2228.--Comp.: n-, morgen-td.

ge-tian (from tigian), w. v., _to grant_: pret. part. impers. ws ...
bne (gen.) ge-tad fesceaftum men, 2285.

tr, st. m., _glory, repute in war_. gen. sg. tres, 1655.

tr-edig, adj., _glorious, famous_: dat. sg. tr-edigum menn (of
Bewulf), 2190.

tr-fst, adj., _famous, rich in glory_. nom. sg. (of Hrgr), 923.

tr-les, adj., _without glory, infamous_: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844.

toga, w. m., _leader_: in comp. folc-toga.

torht, adj., _bright, brilliant_: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht,
313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heao-torht (_loud in battle_).

torn, st. n.: 1) _wrath, insult, distress_: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen.
pl. torna, 2190.--2) _anger_: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp.
lge-torn.

torn, adj., _bitter, cruel_: nom. sg, hrewa tornost, 2130.

torn-ge-mt, st. n., (_wrathful meeting_), _angry engagement, battle_: acc.
sg., 1141.

t, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local =
whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: com t recede (_to the
hall_), 721; eode t sele, 920; eode t hire fren sittan, 642; g eft ...
t medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand t wolcnum (_wound to the
welkin_), 1120; sigon t slpe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438,
553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; l-wge br hlum t handa
(_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984;  t niht
becom er t yldum, 2118; him t bearme cwom mum-ft mre (_came to his
hands, into his possession_), 2405; slde t sande sd-fme scip
(_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; at se harm-scaa
t Heorute -teh (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nu
t symble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; sian ... we t symble geseten
hfdon, 2105; t ham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of
speaking: maelode t his wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360;
t Getum sprec, 1172; so, hht t heao-weorc t hagan bidan (_bade the
battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and
taking (cf. under on, I., d): hrae ws t bre Bewulf fetod (_B. was
hastily brought from a room_), 1311; sian Hma t-wg t re byrhtan
byrig Brsinga mene (_since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the
bright city_), 1200; wen hsode. fho to Frysum (_suffered woe, feud as
to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as,
in_: one god sende folce t frfre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14;
gesette ... sunnan and mnan leman to lehte (_as a light_), 95; ge-st
... t rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; wear he Heao-lfe t hand-bonan,
460; bringe ... t helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf
ngan dhtor ... hyldo t wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so,
508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.;
secgan t se (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of
thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: he t gyrn-wrce swor
hte onne t s-lde (_thought more on vengeance than on the
sea-voyage_), 1139; scce ne wne t Gr-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict
with the Spear-Danes_), 602; onne wne ic t e wyrsan geinges (_then I
expect for thee a worse result_), 525; ne ic to Sweede sibbe oe trewe
wihte ne wne (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste
m ahlcan t m heh-sele hilde ge-inged (_battle prepared for the
monster in the high hall_), 648; wel bi m e mot t fder fmum freoo
wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188;
ra e he ge-worhte t West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the
West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: t gefremmanne (_to do_),
174; t ge-canne (_to make known_), 257; t secganne (_to say_), 473; to
beflenne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852,
1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: t fran, 316; t friclan, 2557.--5) temporal:
gewt him t gescp-hwle (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated
rest?_), 26; t wdan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; wa t aldre
(_for life, forever_), 956; so, t aldre, 2006, 2499; t life (_during
life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wd under wolcnum t s e ...
(_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon t
s e, 1968; so, 2411; he him s len for-geald ... t s e he on reste
geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G.
lying dead_), 1586; ws t bld t s ht (_the blood was hot to that
degree_), 1617; ns  long t on t (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846;
ws him se man t on lef t (_the man was dear to him to that degree_),
1877; t hwan sian wear hond-rs hlea (_up to what point, how, the
hand-contest turned out_), 2072; t middes (_in the midst_), 3142.

II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases
as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: geng sna t, 1786; so,
2649; fh er t, 1756; s-lc ... e u her t lcast (_upon which thou
here lookest_), 1655; folc t sgon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; t h
him t mihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; se e him
bealwa t bte gelfde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e.
Bewulf), 910; him t anwaldan re ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the
Almighty's help_), 1273; e s scea t Swena lede (_that the Swedes
will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: t strang
(_too mighty_), 133; t fst, 137; t sw, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743,
1749, etc.; t fela micles (_far too much_), 695; he t for ge-stp (_he
had gone too far_), 2290.

t (G. tunu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. bldig-t (adj.).

tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. s-wong tredan, 1965; el-land
tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wrc-lstas trd, 1353; medo-wongas trd, 1644;
grs-moldan trd, 1882.

treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg.
treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_),
923.

trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. ne ... ftes trem (_not a foot's
breadth_), 2526.

trew, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. trewe, 1073; sibbe oe
trewe, 2923.

trew, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-trew.

trewian. See trwian.

trew-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. trew-logan,
2848.

trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844.

ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923.

trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370.

ge-trwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg.  hie
getrwedon on tw healfe fste friou-wre, 1096.

trwian, trewan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.:
pret. sg. se ne trwode lefes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's
enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne trwode t he ... (_she trusted not the
child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhe trewde t he ... (_each
trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geta led
georne trwode mdgan mgnes, 670; wires ne trwode, 2954.

ge-trwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-trwode,
mund-gripe mgenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-trwode, wges and
wealles, 2323; strenge ge-trwode nes mannes, 2541.

tryddian. See treddian.

trwe, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg.  gyt ws ... ghwylc rum trwe,
1166.

ge-trwe, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. her is ghwylc eorl rum ge-trwe,
1229.

turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. el-turf.

tux, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tux.

ge-twfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide,
deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. t ec dl oe ecg eafoes ge-twfe
(_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god ee mg one dol-scaan dda
ge-twfan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479;
pret. sg. sumne Geta led ... feores getwfde (_cut him off from life_),
1434; n r wg-flotan wind ofer um ses ge-twfde (_the wind hindered
not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. t
rihte ws g ge-twfed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659.

ge-twman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable
of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwman, 969.

twegen, m. f. n. tw, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m.
twegen, 1348; dat. twm, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. tw, 1096, 1195.

twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172.

tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be sm tweonum, 859,
1298; 1686.

twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709.

tyder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tyder, 111.

tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl. tydre,
2848.

tyn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne,
2848.

tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed.

on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.




afian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. t se ed-cyning
afian sceolde Eofores nne dm, 2964.

anc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-anc;
inwit-anc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779;
acc. sg. anc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg.  e
gif-sceattas Geta fyredon yder t ance (_those that tribute for the
Getas carried thither for favor_). 379.

ge-anc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. estrum ge-oncum, 2333.--Comp.
md-ge-anc.

anc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236.

ancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode ancode ... s e hire se willa
ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl.
ancedon, 627(?).

anon, onon, onan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: anon eft gewt (_he went
thence back_), 123; anon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, anon,
463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; anan, 1881; onon, 520, 1374, 2409; onan,
820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: anon untydras ealle on-wcon (_from him_,
i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, anan, 1266; onon, 1961; unsfte onon feorh
-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.

, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With r:  r,
331. With nu: nu  (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_,
w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402,
465, 724, 2551, etc.

t, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. t (_that_), 735,
766, etc.; instr. sg. , 1798, 2029; t ic  wpne ge-brd (_that I
brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; 
weorra (_the more honored_), 1903;  sft (_the more easily_), 2750; 
ls hym e rym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the
waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; n  r (_not sooner_),
755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; n  leng (_no longer, none the longer_),
975.  =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068;  ...  = _on this
account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste  geornor
(_knew but too well_), 822; he ... ws sundes  snra e hine swylt fornam
(_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437;
ns him wihte  sl (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278.
Gen. sg. s = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589,
901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. s e, especially after verbs of thanking, =
_because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: s e hie
gewislcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001;
t s (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; s
georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac he s fste ws ... besmiod (_it was too
firmly set_), 774; n s frd leofa gumena bearna t one grund wite
(_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; he
s (m, MS.) mdig ws (_had the courage for it_), 1509.

II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571,
etc.;  t (_up to that, until_); see .

tte (from t e, see e), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; t e
(_that_), 1847.

r: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.;
moror-bealo mga, r he r mste held worolde wynne (_the death-bale of
kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With :  r,
331; r on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271,
550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: r sw-ferhe
sittan eodon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493,
etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode
... r se snottra bd (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so,
1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: g r he wille, 1395.

e, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated
with se, se, t: Hunfer maelode, e t ftum st (_H., who sat at his
feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; ws t gewin t sw e on  lede
be-com (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_), 192, etc.;
ic wille ... e  and-sware dre ge-can e me se gda -gifan ence (_I
will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give_), 355;
 one nne dg e he ... (_till that very day that he_ ...), 2401; he 
fhe wrc e u ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in which thou slewest
G._), 1335; mid re sorge e him si sr belamp (_with the sorrow
wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. onne  dydon e ...
(_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136;  mmas e he me sealde
(_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfstan gife e him god
sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After ra e (_of
those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich,
Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sina fela secga ge-hwylcum ra e on swylc
stara (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384,
2736. Strengthened by se, se, t: sgde se e ce (_said he that knew_),
90; ws se grimma gst Grendel hten, se e mras held (_the grim stranger
hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... se e
bn-cofan beorgan ce (_the corselet that could protect the body_), 1446,
etc.; r ge-lfan sceal dryhtnes dme se e hine de nime (_he shall
believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, 1292
(cf. Heliand I., 1308).

s e. See t.

eh e. See eh.

for am e. See for-am.

, , _the, by that_, instr. of se: hte ic holdra  ls ... e de
for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437.

eccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf.  sceal brond
fretan, led eccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_),
3016; pret. pl. r git egor-strem earmum ehton (_in swimming_), 513.

egn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg.,
235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Bewulf), 194; (Wglf), 2722; acc. sg. egen
(Bewulf, MS. egn), 1872; dat. sg. egne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086;
(Wglf), 2811; gen. sg. egnes, 1798; nom. pl. egnas, 1231; acc. pl.
egnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. egnum, 2870; gen. pl. egna, 123, 400, 1628,
1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-egn.

egnian, nian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him
node deran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them
with it), 560.

egn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg.
egn-sorge, 131.

egu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: beh-, ber-, sinc-egu.

el, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-el, 486, 1240.

encan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se e wel ence,
289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nnig heora hte t he ...
(_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg.
III.  and-sware ... e me se gda -gifan ence (_the answer that the
good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (bldig wl) byrgean ence, 448;
onne he ... gegn ence longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_),
1536; pret. sg. ne t aglca yldan hte (_the monster did not mean to
delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wi hronfixas werian hton, 541;
(hine) on healfa ge-hwone hewan hton, 801.

-encan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (he) is ellen-weorc na
-hte t ge-fremmanne, 2644.

ge-encan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: t he his selfa ne mg ... ende
ge-encean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_),
1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-enc nu ... hwt wit ge sprcon,
1475.

enden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles fcen-stafas
ed-Scyldingas enden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings
done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wds, 45 seqq.); enden
refode rinc erne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed
Ongenew), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039,
2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: enden u
mte, 1178; enden u lifige, 1255; enden hyt s (_whilst the heat
lasts_), 2650.

engel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa engel (Bewulf),
1508.

es (m.), es (f.), is (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432,
1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; ys, 1396; acc. sg. m.
isne, 75; f. s, 1682; dat. sg. neut. issum, 1170; yssum, 2640; f.
isse, 639; gen. m. isses, 1217; f. isse, 929; neut. ysses, 791, 807;
nom. pl. and acc. s, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. yssum, 1063, 1220.

. See t.

h. See eh.

earf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. earf, 1251, 2494, 2638;  him ws manna
earf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. earfe, 1457, 2580, 2850;
fremma ge nu leda earfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_),
2802; dat. sg. t earfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum
ealle beweotede egnes earfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the
thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-egn, 1795).--Comp.: firen-, nearo-,
ofer-earf.

earf. See urfan.

ge-earfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part.  him sw
ge-earfod ws (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104.

earle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560.

eh, h, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. eh, 203,
526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by e: eh e, 683,
1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; eh ... eal (_although_), 681.--2)
with indic.: eh, 1103; h, 1614.--3) doubtful: eh he e wel, 2856;
sw eh (_nevertheless_), 2879; n ... sw eh (_not then however_), 973;
ns e forht sw h (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwre sw eh
(_yet however_), 2443.

ew, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. ew, 359;
instr. pl. ewum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145.

ed, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2)
_nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. eda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-,
wer-ed.

ed-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_:
nom. sg. (Hrgr), 2145; (Ongenew), 2964, 2971; id-cyning (Bewulf),
2580; acc. sg. ed-cyning (Bewulf), 3009; gen. sg. ed-cyninges
(Bewulf), 2695; gen. pl. ed-cyninga, 2.

eden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129,
365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; iden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. eden, 34,
201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; iden, 2789; dat. sg. edne, 345,
1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; eden, 2033; gen. sg. ednes 798, 911,
1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; idnes, 2657; nom. pl. ednas, 3071.

eden-les, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. eden-lese, 1104.

ed-gestren, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl.
ed-ge-strenum, 44; gen. pl. ed-ge-strena, 1219.

edig, adj., _appertaining to a_ ed: in comp. el-edig.

ed-scaa, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. ed-sceaa
(_the dragon_), 2279, 2689.

ed-re, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wi
ed-reum, 178.

ef, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. efes crfte, 2221.

en, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weormyndum h (_grew
in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. hru t on lande lyt
manna h (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901.

ge-en, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-eh
tela, 1219; inf. lof-ddum sceal ... man geen, 25; t t ednes bearn
ge-en scolde, 911.

on-en? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. he s r onh, 901. [In
MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901.

eon (for ewan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. ns se folc-cyning
ymb-sittendra nig ra e mec ... dorste egesan en (_that durst oppress
me with terror_), 2737.

estor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. estrum ge-oncum, 2333.

icgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. t he
(Grendel) m mste manna cynnes icgean ofer  niht, 737; symbel icgan
(_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. t hie me gon, 563;
r we medu gun, 2634.

ge-icgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful)
ge-eah, 619, 629; Bewulf ge-ah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful
manig) ge-gon, 1015.

ider, yder, adv., _thither_: yder, 3087, 379, 2971.

ihtig, yhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ...
ecgum yhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-ihtig.

incan. See yncan.

ing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. nige inga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375,
2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. me wear Grendles ing
... undyrne c (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3)
_judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... na gehegan
ing wi yrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the
giant_: see hegan), 426.

ge-ing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-ingo, 1086.--2) _fate,
providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-inges, 398, 710; (ge-ingea, MS.), 525.

ge-ingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430):
pret. part. cwn mde ge-ungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_),
625. See wel-ungen.

ge-ingan (see ge-ing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat,
_enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him onne Hrrc t hofum Geta
ge-inge _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of
the Getas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the
service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_:
pret. part. wiste [t] m ahlcan ... hilde ge-inged, 648; hrae ws ...
mce ge-inged, 1939.

ingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne
hrde ic snotor-lcor on sw geongum feore guman ingian (_I never heard a
man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_:
inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fe ingian (_would not compound the
life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg.  fhe fe ingode, 470.

han. See en.

in, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc.

ge-ht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. n-fealdne ge-ht, 256;
fst-rdne ge-ht, 611.

olian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) olian,
833; pres. sg. III. re-nd ola, 284; pret. sg. olode ryswy,
131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) enden is
sweord ola (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (se ecg)
olode r fela hand-gemta, 1526.

ge-olian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. t ge-olianne, 1420;
pret. sg. earfo-lice rage ge-olode..., t he ... drem gehrde (_bore
ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-olode (_bore the
misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. r he longe sceal on s
waldendes wre ge-olian, 3110.

on (Goth, an) = _tum, then, now_, 504; fter on (_after that_), 725; r
on dg cwme (_ere day came_), 732; n on lange (_it was not long till
then_), 2424; ns  long t on (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846;
ws him se man t on lef t ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him
that ..._), 1877.

onne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672,
1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881,
935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; t ic
gum-cystum gdne funde bega bryttan, brec onne mste (_that I found a
good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23,
1180, 3065; onne ...onne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif onne
...onne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44,
248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied,
l. 70, before one: t he ... htan wolde medo-rn micel men ge-wyrcean
one yldo bearn fre ge-frunon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men
had ever known_).

racu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. md-racu; = impetus in
ecg-racu.

rag, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg.  hine si rag be-cwom
(_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. rage (_for a
time_), 87; longe (lange) rage, 54, 114.--Comp. earfo-rag.

ge-rc, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-rc.

rec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. mgen-wudu): acc. sg.,
1247.

re, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. ed-re, re-ndla, -nd.

re-ndla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for re-ndlan,
2225.

rea-nd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. re-nd, 284; dat. pl.
re-ndum, 833.

ret, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on am rete, 2407; dat. pl.
sceaena retum, 4.--Comp. ren-ret.

retian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...retedon,
560.

reot-teoa, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. reot-teoa secg,
2407.

re, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. ri wicg, 2175; re hund wintra, 2279.

ridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. riddan se, 2689.

ge-ring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-ring, 2133.

ringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra t lyt rong ymbe eden
(_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syan
Hrlingas t hagan rungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the
hedge_), 2961.

for-ringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. t he ne mehte ...
we-lfe wge for-ringan ednes egne (_that he could not rescue the
wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085.

ge-ringan, _to press_: pret. sg. cel up gerang (_the ship shot up_),
i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.

ritig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: ritig
egna, 123; gen. rittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379.

rst-hydig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. iden rst-hydig
(Bewulf), 2811.

rowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (ht, gnorn) rowian,
2606, 2659; pret. sg. rowade, 1590, 1722; rowode, 2595.

ry, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl.
ryum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494.

ry-rn, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658.

rylc, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. ry-lc egna hep, 400,
1628; superl. acc. pl. ry-lcost, 2870.

r-sw, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very
powerful, exceeding strong_].

ry-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great
store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rgsml,
29, 7, in Mbius, p. 79b, 22.)

rym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. a rym, 1919; instr. pl.
= adv. rymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. rym,
2.--Comp. hyge-rym.

rym-lc, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. rec-wudu rym-lc (_the
mighty spear_), 1247.

u, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. ec (poetic), 948, 2152,
etc.; e, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. slran e (_a better one than
thee_), 1851. See ge.

unca, w. m. See f-unca.

ge-ungen. See ge-ingan, st. v.

urfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. n u ne earft ...
sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne earf ...
onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. t he ...
scean urfe, 2496; pret. sg. orfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl.
nealles Hetware hrmge orfton (i.e. wesan) fe-wges (_needed not boast
of their foot-fight_), 2365.

ge-uren. See weran.

urh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through,
throughout_: wd  urh one wl-rc (_went then through the
battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing
to_: urh slne n (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; urh
holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, urh rmne sefan, 278; urh
sdne sefan, 1727; ewe urh egsan uncne n (_shows unheard-of
hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by
means of, through_: heao-rs for-nam mihtig mere-der urh mne hand, 558;
urh nes crft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.

us, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430.

unian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu unede, 1907.

send, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic e senda egna bringe t helpe,
1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan sendo,
2196; gen. hund-senda landes and locenra bega (100,000 _sceattas' worth
of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. send wintra, 3051.

wre, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-wre.

ge-wre, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-wre, 1231.

ge-weran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere
ge-uren (for ge-woren) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286.

yhtig. See ihtig.

ge-yld (see olian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-yld,
1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-yldum (_steadfastly,
patiently_), 1706.

yle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg.,
1166, 1457.

yncan, incean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III.
ince him t lytel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne ynce me
gerysne, t we _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl.
hy ... wyre incea eorla ge-htlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_
(?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. sw him ge-met ince,
688; inf. incean, 1342; pret. sg. hte, 2462, 3058; n his lf-gedl
sr-lc hte secga nigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_),
843; pret. pl. r him fold-wegas fgere hton, 867.

of-incan, _to displease, offend_: inf. mg s onne of-yncan eden
(dat.) Heao-beardna and egna gehwm ra leda, 2033.

yrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wi yrse (Grendel), 426.

ys-lc, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. ys-lcu earf,
2638.

. See t.

wan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif
ec ymb-sittend egesan wa (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_),
1828.

stru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in strum, 87.

ge-we, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. sw him ge-we ne ws (_as was
not his custom_), 2333.


U

ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330.

ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dgrum, 2201, 2393.

ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952.

uhte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126.

uht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon):
gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761.

uht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008.

uht-sceaa, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272.

umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188.

un-ble, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?),
3032.

un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549.

unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527;
gen. hwer ... uncer twega (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of
us two, G. and me_), 2003.

uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran
eaferan, 1186.

un-c, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stg ... eldum unc, 2215; acc. sg.
neut. unc ge-ld (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous,
evil_: acc. sg. un-cne n, 276; gen. sg. un-ces (_of the foe_,
Grendel), 961.

under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? =
_under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bt (ws) under beorge, 211; 
cwom Wealhe for gn under gyldnum bege (_W. walked forth under a golden
circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; sian he under segne sine ealgode
(_under his banner_), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his
shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under
roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grman, 396, 2050, 2606;
so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a)
answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion):  secg wsode under
Heorotes hrf, 403; sian fen-leht under heofenes hdor be-holen
weore, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; flen under fen-hleou, 821; hond
legde ... under gepne hrf, 837; ten in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361,
1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, hfde  for-sod sunu Ecg-ewes
under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sian requires acc.). b) after verbs of
venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under hrne
stn ...na ge-nde frcne dde, 888; ne dorste under a ge-win aldre
ge-nan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit,
etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under
heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016.

II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stg under lg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the
rock), 2214.

undern-ml, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429.

un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg.,
127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.

un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne c, 150, 410.

un-fger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. leht un-fger, 728.

un-fcne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069.

un-fge, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg.
un-fgne eorl, 573.

un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme
um benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f.
= _unconquerable in valor_], 1098.

un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?),
444. See Note.

un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189.

un-frd, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frdum, 2822.

un-gedfelce, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436.

un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729.

un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793.

un-gera, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603.

un-gifee, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922.

un-glew, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum unglew
(of a sharp-edged sword), 2565.

un-hr, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?).

un-hlo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-hlo (_the demon
of destruction_, Grendel), 120.

un-here, un-hre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard un-hire
(the dragon), 2414; neut. wf un-hre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl.
neut. hand-sporu ... unheru (of Grendel's claws), 988.

un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part
division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme,
1098]. See Note.

un-lef, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-lefe, 2864.

un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende,
468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg.
un-lyfigendes, 745.

un-lytel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. dugu un-lytel (_a great
band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dm un-lytel (_no little glory_),
886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (_very great shame, misery_), 834.

un-murnlce, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757.

unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic
e an tela sinc-gestrena, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. e ic swor t u
hine selfne ge-sen mste, 961; III. he ne e t ...(_he granted not that
..._), 503; him god e t ... he hyne sylfne ge-wrc (_God granted to him
that he avenged himself_), 2875; eh he e wel (_though he well would_),
2856.

ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif he s ge-unnan wile t we hine ...
grtan mton, 346; me ge-e ylda waldend, t ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the
Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662.

un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170.

un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740;
instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060.

un-rm, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625.

un-rme, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rme, 3013.

un-rt, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rte, 3149.

un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for
his unwisdom_), 1735.

un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_,
1656.

un-swe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bt unswor
onne his id-cyning earfe hfde (_the sword bit less sharply than the
prince of the people needed_), 2579; fr unswor well, 2882.

un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.

un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073.

un-tle, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-tle, 1866.

un-tyder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger.
un-mensch.]

un-wclc, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. d ...
un-wclcne, 3139.

un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742.

un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444.

up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the
voice),  ws ... wp up hafen, 128; so, 783.

up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760.

uppe (adj., fe, ffe), adv., _above_, 566.

up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093.

uton. See wuton.




-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): r
ws sc-here ... feorh -genge, 2124.

s, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636,
2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), sic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. re:
re g-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; ser, 2075.

ser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. re man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ssum
hlforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. sses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. rum ... bm
(_to us both, two_) (for unc bm), 2660.

t, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.

tan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335.

t-fs, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna sig and t-fs, 33.

t-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) ws
t-weard, 762.

tan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlw ... ealne
tan-weardne, 2298.


W

*wacan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. anon (from Cain)
wc fela ge-sceaft-gsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. m fewer bearn ... in
worold wcun, 60.

*on-wacan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg.  se wyrm on-wc (_when the
drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-wc heh Healfdene,
56; pl. on-wcon, 111.

wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wi wrum! 661.

wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wd
urh one wl-rc, 2662; wd under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_),
715.

ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part.  t ...
wunden-stefna ge-waden hfde, t  lende land ge-swon (_till the ship
had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220.

on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wd(?),
916.

urh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. t swurd urh-wd wrt-lcne
wyrm, 891; so, 1568.

wag, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. fter wagum (_along
the walls_), 996.

wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85
seqq.).

walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda.

wald-swau, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. fter wald-swaum (_along the
wood-paths_), 1404.

wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom
(_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_,
etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074.

wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, -geblond ... won (_the dark
waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna lg (_lurid
flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma
ge-sceapu ... wan, 652.

wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414,
2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas,
2463.--Comp.: freoo-, grund-, medo-, s-wang.

wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede,
2787.

wan-hd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his
won-hdum, 434.

wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf.  t sweord ongan
... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. he
t lange lede mne wanode, 1338.

ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is mn flet-werod ...
ge-wanod, 477.

wan-slig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-slig wer (Grendel),
105.

wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.

warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. r he
hen gold wara (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hie
(Grendel and his mother) dgel land warigea, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel)
goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wsten warode, 1266.

waro, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. t waroe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroas,
1966.

waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru.

w, interj., _woe!_ w bi m e... (_woe to him that..._), 183.

wu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-wu.

wnian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehrdon ... sr
wnigean helle hftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his
pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wnode], 3152(?).

wt. See witan.

wcean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part wccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m.
wccendne wer, 1269. See wacian.

wcnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85.

wd, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu
weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508.

wfre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily
form_: nom. sg. wl-gst wfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering,
expiring_: nom. sg. wfre md, 1151; him ws gemor sefa, wfre and
wl-fs, 2421.

be-wgnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him ws ... frend-lau wordum
be-wgned, 1194.

wl, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wl, 1213,
3028, bldig wl, 448; oe on wl crunge (_or in battle, among the slain,
fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on wle crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_),
1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom.
pl. walu, 1043.

wl-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wl-bedde, 965.

wl-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wl-bende ...
hand-gewriene, 1937.

wl-blet, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wl-blete, 2726.

wl-de, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696.

wl-drer, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wl-drere, 1632.

wl-fh, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wl-fgne
winter, 1129.

wl-fh, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wl-fha, 2029.

wl-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. t
wl-fealle, 1712.

wl-fs, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421.

wl-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid re wl-fulle (i.e.
the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wl-fylla?
3155.

wl-fr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wl-fre (of the fire-spewing
dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen. pl. wl-fra
mst, 1120.

wl-gst, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg.
wl-gst, 1332; acc. sg. one wl-gst, 1996.

wl-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wl-hlem one, 1996.

wlm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. re burnan wlm, 2547;
gen. sg. s wlmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-wlm.

wl-n, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. fter
wl-ne, 85; nom. pl. wl-nas, 2066.

wl-rp, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wl-rpas, 1611; (cf.
wll, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on wle mid scete scran,
Gnom. Cott. 39).

wl-rs, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wl-rse,
825, 2532.

wl-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wl-reste, 2903.

wl-rc, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wd  urh one
wl-rc, 2662.

wl-ref, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206.

wl-rew, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630.

wl-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wl-sceaftas, 398.

wl-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. wll-seaxe, 2704.

wl-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on am wl-stenge, 1639.

wl-stw, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wl-stwe, 2052, 2985.

wstm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres wstmum (_in man's
form_), 1353.

wter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wter,
1365, 1620; dep wter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wd wter (_over the
high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. fter wtere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426;
under wtere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. wtere, 2723;
wtre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_),
471; on wteres ht, 516; urh wteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694;
gen. = instr. wteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792.

wter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261

wter-, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. wter-um, 2243.

wd, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-wd.

ge-wde, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl.
gewdu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewde.

wg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. wg, 3133.

wg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves
before him): nom. sg. wundorlc wg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441.

wg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. wg-flotan, 1908.

wg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer wg-holm, 217.

wge, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. fted wge, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-,
l-wge.

wg-lend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. wg-lendum (et lendum,
MS.), 3160.

wg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490.

wn, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on wn, 3135.

wpen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wpen, 686, 1574,
2520, 2688; instr. wpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wpen,
292; dat. pl. wpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-wpen.

wpned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. wpned-men, 1285.

wr, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. wre, 1101;--_protection, care_:
dat. sg. on fren (on s waldendes) wre (_into God's protection_), 27,
3110.--Comp.: frioo-wr.

wsma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-wsma, 678.

we, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc.

web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996.

webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freou-webbe.

weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wg-bealu
weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan swg (sceal) wgend
weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025;
ongunnon  ... bl-fra mst wgend weccan (_the warriors then began to
start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wtre
(_roused him with water_, i.e. Wglf recalled Bewulf to consciousness),
2855.

t-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. h  folc mid him (_with one
another_), fhe t-wehton, 2949.

wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo t wedde (_as a
pledge of his favor_), 2999.

weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl.
wedera cealdost, 546.

ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wg-spda ge-wiofu (_the woof of
war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf.
Njals-saga, 158), 698.

weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431,
2097; gyf u on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle
with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, for-, wd-weg.

wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nh hw
sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles
(sceal) eorl wegan mum t ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial
jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. he  frtwe wg ... ofer a ful (_bore the
jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wl-seaxe ... t he on byrnan
wg, 2705; heortan sorge wg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932,
2781.

t-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syan Hma t-wg t re byrhtan
byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the
Brosing-collar_), 1199.

ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. e he wi am wyrme ge-wegan
sceolde, 2401.

wel, adv.: 1) _well_: wel bi m e ... (_well for him that ...!_), 186;
se e wel ence (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640, 1046,
1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: Get
ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_),
1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856.

wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. r-, burg-, hord-,
mum-wela.

wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen.
pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc,
266;--substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875.

welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wc-stede weligne Wgmundinga, 2608.

wel-ungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_:
nom. sg. Hygd (ws) swe geong, ws, wel-ungen, 1928.

wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. t ...
Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes hep hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092.

be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. mg s onne
of-yncan eden Heao-beardna ... onne he mid fmnan on flet g,
dryht-bearn Dena dugua bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the
H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the
Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a
noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom.
pl. wron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822.

wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wende on willan
(_all the world turns at his will_), 1740.

ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende
(_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. w bi
m e sceal ... frfre ne wnan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall
have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186.

on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor hle
wen on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb fre ne mg wiht on-wendan am e
wel ence (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set
aside_), 2602.

wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Bewulf),
1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wstmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl.
weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera,
120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948.

wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops
or such ingredients): acc. sg. scr wered, 496.

were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for
were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.

werho, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. u in helle
scealt werho dregan, 590.

werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrda ... t
mne brest were, 453; inf. wit unc wi hron-fixas werian hton, 541;
pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra t lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; pret.
ind. wl-ref werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwta helm
hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl. hafelan
weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ...
_corselet-clad_), 238, 2530.

be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. t hie ... leda land-geweorc
lum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work
from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939

werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gstes (Grendel), 133;
(of the devil), 1748.

werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652;
weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode,
1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187;
weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.

wer-ed, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-ede, 900.

wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. u eart, 352, 506;
III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is nes mgenes bld ne
hwle (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762;
ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III.
syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. se, 435, 683,
etc.; s, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf.
wassail, wes hl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329,
1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware
hrmge orfton (i.e. wesan) fe-wges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858;
pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. ws,
11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; ws on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so,
848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, ws secgende (for sde), 3029;
II. wre, 1479, etc.; pl. wron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wran (w. reflex,
him), 2476; pret. subj. wre, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive,
myndgiend wre (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne +
is, 249, 1373, etc.; ns = ne + ws, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf.
uncontracted: ne ws, 890, 1472); nron = ne + wron, 2658; nre = ne +
wre, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.

wg. See wg.

wn, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is ledum
wn orleg-hwle (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_),
2911; acc. sg. s ic wn hbbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, s e ic
[wn] hafo, 3001; wn ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on wnum _(in
expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Bewulf), 2896. See
or-wna.

wnan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. s ic
wne (_as I hope_), 272; sw ic e wne t _(as I hope thou wilt_: Bewulf
hopes Hrgr will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc.
pres. sg. I. onne wne ic t e wyrsan ge-inges, 525; ic r heau-fres
htes wne, 2523; III. secce ne wne to Gr Denum (_weeneth not of contest
with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bte) wnan (_to expect, count
on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. s
ne wndon r witan Scyldinga t ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened
not of this before, that_...), 779; t hig s elinges eft ne wndon t
he ... scean cme _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_
... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wnde,
934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wne ic t..., 1185; wn' ic
t..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wnde, 2330; pl. wndon, 938, 1605.

wpan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [wep], 3152 (?).

werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. sies wrig (_weary from
the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. sies wrgum, 1795;--w. instr.:
acc. pl. wundum wrge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: de-, fyl-,
g-wrig.

ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wrgad, 2853.

wrig-md, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544.

wste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele wstne, 2457.

wsten, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. wsten, 1266.

wsten, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on re wstenne, 2299.

weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163;
gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229;
acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wi
s recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer
rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59):
dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles,
2324.--Comp.: bord-, eor-, s-, scyld-weal.

ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer a ge-wealc, 464.

ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on fenda ge-weald _(into the
power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald gan, hbban, -bedan (w.
gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951,
1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald.

wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or
with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan mt (_if he may prevail_), 442;
r he ... wealdan mste sw him Wyrd ne ge-scrf (_if [where?] he was to
prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend
(_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2)
with instr. or dat.: inf. m wpnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the
weapons_), 2039; Getum wealdan (_to rule the Getas_), 2391; eh-hordum
wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wl-stwe
wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. weld, 465, 1058,
2380, 2596; enden wordum weld wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S.
ruled the G._), 30; pl. weldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. enden
ic wealde wdan rces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17,
183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend
fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. weld,
703, 1771.

ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg.
hlig god ge-weld wg-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weld his
ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. he ne
mihte n ... wpna ge-wealdan, 1510.

ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. ged him sw
gewealdene worolde dlas, 1733.

weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom.
pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848;
pret. ind. wel, 515, 850, 1132; well, 2139.--2) figuratively (of
emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syan Ingelde wealla
wl-nas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part.
weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreer inne well (_his heart was moved within
him_), 2114; hreer me well (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from
breathing, snorting_), 2594; brest innan well estrum ge-oncum, 2332;
so, well, 2600, 2715, 2883.

weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.

weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp.
heoro-weallende, 2782.

weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the
Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, swele
hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called beh-horda weard, 922; rces weard, 1391;
folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hire,
2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges
weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bt-, el-, gold-, hefod-, hord-,
h-, land-, rn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.

weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp.
eor-weard, 2335.

weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde held,
305.--Comp. g-weard.

weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, t-weard, 1288, etc.

weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. he his folme
forlt t lf-wrae, lst weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a
life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him si swre
swae weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._,
i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hrde ic t m
frtwum fewer mearas lungre gelce last weardode (_I heard that four
horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to
hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. ffel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt
in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rm eorla (_an
immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. r we gesunde sl
weardodon, 2076.

wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268.

wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_
See un-wearnum, 742.

weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III.  t him on innan
ofer-hygda dl weaxe (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan,
3116; pret. sg. wex, 8.

ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft t se geogo ge-wex, 66.

ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-wex he him
to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712.

we, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191,
423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. wena, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.

we-lf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl.  we-lfe (_the wretched
remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099.

we-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. we-spelle, 1316.

ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.

weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657;
instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum,
1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_:
acc. sg. s gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722;
dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: bdo-, ellen-, heao-,
niht-weorc.

ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682,
2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: r-, fyrn-, g-, hond-,
n-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939.

weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419.

weor, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weore, 2497.

weor, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weor Denum eling (_the atheling
dear to the Danes_, Bewulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. t he syan ws ...
mme  weorra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyre.

weoran, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weore (_is
concealed_), 414; underne weore (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III.
weora, 2067; wura, 282; inf. weoran, 3179; wuran, 808; pret. sg. I.,
III. wear, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon,
228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frfre weoran (_to become a
help_), 1708; pret. sg. wear he Heaolfe t hand-bonan, 460; so, wear,
906, 1262; ne wear Heremd sw (i.e. to frfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710;
pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. t he on
fylle wear (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf.
unc sceal weoran ... sw unc Wyrd ge-te (_it shall befall us two as Fate
decrees_), 2527; urh hwt his worulde gedl weoran sceolde, 3069; pret.
sg.  r sna wear ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the
earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.

ge-weoran: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-wear, 3062; pret. part. cearu ws
geniwod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; sw us ge-worden is,
3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. t u ... lte S-Dene sylfe
ge-weoran ge wi Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to
their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree,
decide_: pret. sg.  s monige ge-wear t ... (_since many agreed that_
...), 1599; pret. part. hafa s ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rces hyrde,
and t rd tala t he ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable
to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain
that_ ...), 2027.

weor-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weor-fullost, 3100.

weorian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. r ic ... ne lede
weorode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj.
pret. (t he) t feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorode (_that he would honor the
Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091.

ge-weorian, ge-wurian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syan ws
fter beh-ege brest ge-weorod, 2177; wpnum ge-weorad, 250; since
ge-weorad, 1451; so, ge-wurad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorad (_known,
honored, afar_), 1960.

weor-lce, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weor-lcost, 3163.

weor-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg.
geseah  eald sweord ..., wgena weormynd (_saw an ancient sword there,
the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weor-myndum, 8; t
wor-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weor-mynda dl, 1753.

weorung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. brest-, hm-, heorft-, hring-,
wg-weorung.

weorod. See werod.

weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp 
wunden-ml wrttum gebunden yrre oretta, t hit on eoran lg (_the
wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_),
1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard
. .. wearp wl-fre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw upon_:
inf. he hine eft ongan wteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast water
upon him again_), 2792.

for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. t he genunga
g-gewdu wre for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the
battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.

ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp  ... wgena strongest,
1544.

weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl.
wl-bende weotode, 1937.

be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres.
pl. III. be-witia, 1136; pret. sg. egn ... se e ... ealle be-weotede
egnes earfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca
se e ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to
carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III.  ... oft be-witiga sorh-fulne s
on segl-rde, 1429.

wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315;
dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl.
wicga, 1046.

ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. l ge-widru (_loathly
weather_), 1376.

wi prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and
opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_:  wi
gode wunnon, 113; na (wan) wi eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, l wi
lum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; t him
holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wi lge, 2342; hwt ... slest wre
wi fr-gryrum t ge-fremmanne, 174; t him gst-bona gece gefremede wi
ed-reum, 178; wi rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; hfde ...
sele Hrgres ge-nered wi ne (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828;
(him dyrne langa ...) beorn wi blde (_the hero longeth secretly contrary
to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Bewulf),
1881; sundur ge-dlan lf wi lce (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424;
stremas wundon sund wi sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the
sand_), 213; lg-um forborn bord wi ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of
flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme
wel, won wi winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so,
hiora in num well sefa wi sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with
sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; t hire wi healse heard grpode
(_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a)
_against, towards_: wan wi Hrgr (_fought against H._), 152; wi fenda
gehwone, 294; wi wr werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hlig god s
on-sende wi Grendles gryre, 384; t ic wi one g-flogan gylp
ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the
battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wi manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran
(_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw
life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal
bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic  lede wt ge wi fend ge wi frend
fste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; held heh-lufan wi
hlea brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955;
wi ord and wi ecge ingang forstd (_prevented entrance to spear-point and
sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton sde scyldas ... wi
s recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wi eoran fm
(eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wi earm ge-st (_sat on,
against, his arm_), 750; so, st-md ge-std wi stepne rond, 2567; [wi
duru healle eode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wi Hrefna-wudu
(_over against, near, H._), 2926; wi his sylfes sunu setl ge-thte
(_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards,
with_ (of contracting parties): t hie healfre ge-weald wi Eotena bearn
gan mston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were
to possess_), 1089; enden he wi wulf wl refode (_whilst with the wolf
he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc.,
_against_: nu wi Grendel sceal, wi am aglcan, na gehegan ing wi
yrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-st  wi sylfne..., mg wi mge,
1978-79.

wier-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].

wier-rhtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040.

wire, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wires ne trwode, 2954.

wig-weorung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc.
pl. -weorunga, 176.

wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhlo (_the demon
of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllcran wiht (the dragon),
3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht
dwele (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne spew (_it helped
him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. ne him s wyrmes wg for wiht dyde (_nor did
he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht
gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: n ...
wiht swylcra searo-nia, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: ne
hie hru wine-drihten wiht ne lgon (_did not blame their friendly lord
aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; n
wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte
(_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.:
-wiht (ht = _aught_), l-wiht, -wiht.

wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman
Denigea ledum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the
lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera ledum (_welcome to the
Getas_), 1895.

ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte,
voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223.

wil-der (for wild-der), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-der, 1431.

wil-ges, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-sas, 23.

wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation),
_joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leda, 2901.

willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg.
willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. nes willan (_for the sake of
one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. t willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum
(_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna,
1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.

willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is
depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic -secgan (_I will set
forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic t s wille (_I will to sea_),
318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. u wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346,
446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; r he in
wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372;
wylle, 2767; pl. I. we ... wylla, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154,
200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; n ic fram him wolde (i.e.
fletan), 543; so, sw he hira m wolde (i.e. -cwellan), 1056; pret. pl.
woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative:
pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret.
sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. 
metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.

wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wel bi m e mt ... t
fder fmum freoo wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in
the Father's arms_), 188.

wil-s, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-s, 216.

ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; 
hie ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under a ge-win (_under the
tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. s ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this
strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg.
eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, -ge-win.

wn-rn, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg.
wn-rnes, 655.

wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg.
winde, 217; wi winde, 1133.

windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand t wolcnum
wl-fra mst, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl.
stremas wundon sund wi sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted,
spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.)
golde, 1383.

t-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. se m fende
t-wand, 143.

be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere):
pret. sg. e hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wrum
be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flsce be-wunden
(_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gr ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with
the hands_), 3023; i-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_),
3053; (sth ...) lg wpe be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a
lament_), 3147.

ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. wdre ge-windan (_to flee
further_), 764; pret. sg. on flem ge-wand, 1002.

on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (onne fder) on-winde
wl-rpas, 1611.

win-dg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on yssum
win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.

wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147.

wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457.

windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, nssas), 572, 1359;
windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225.

wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg.
wine Scyldinga, lef land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrgr), 148,
1184. As vocative: mn wine, 2048; wine mn, Bewulf (Hunfer), 457, 530,
1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrgr), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350,
2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Bewulf), 3097; acc.
pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl.
winigea lesum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: fre-, fre-, gold-,
g-, mg-wine.

wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_:
acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg.
wine-drihtne, 360.

wine-gemor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240.

wine-les, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-lesum, 2614.

wine-mg, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-mgas, 65.

ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.

winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan na wi eallum,
144; Grendel wan ... wi Hrgr, 151; holm ... won wi winde (_the sea
fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II.
eart u se Bewulf, se e wi Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wi gode wunnon, 113;
r  graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778.

wn-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_:
acc. sg., 715, 994.

wn-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wn-sele,
696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).

winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter,
1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl.
fftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl.
wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.

wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.

ge-wislce, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislcost, 1351.

wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good
condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wuna he on wiste, 1736.--2)
_food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg.  ws fter wiste wp up -hafen (_a
cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men),
128.

wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg.
wist-fylle, 735.

wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.

ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-weld his ge-witte,
2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fr unswor well (_the fire surged
less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883.

wit, pers. pron. dual of we, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc.
See unc, uncer.

wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council
of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena,
1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, rn-wita.

witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I.,
III. wt, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelce wt t he ... (_I know as to H., that
he_ ...), 1831; so, god wt on mec t ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...),
2651; sg. II. u wst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse,
2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2)
w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wt, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative
part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. t s he win-reced ... gearwost wisse,
fttum fhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste m ahlcan hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w.
acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his
fingra ge-weald on grames grpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.

nt = ne + wt, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun =
_some or other_: sceaa ic nt hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nt
he ra gda, t he me on-gen sle, 682.

ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. s e hie gewis-lcost ge-witan
meahton, 1351.

be-witian. See be-weotian.

witig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057; witig
drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842.

ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095.

ge-witnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewitnad (_punished with
plagues_), 3074.

wc, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wc, 822, 2590;--often in pl.
because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen.
wca, 125, 1126.

ge-wcan, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords):
pret. sg. ge-wc, 2578, 2630.

wc-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wc-stede,
2608.

wd, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wd wter, 2474;
gen. sg. wdan rces, 1860; acc. pl. wde sas, waroas, 878, 1966.--2)
temporal: acc. sg. wdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. t wdan
feore, 934.

wde, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wde
c (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wde, 2914;
wde geond eoran (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of
superl.: wreccena wde mrost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_),
899.--Compar. wdre, 764.

wd-c, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc.
sg. m. wd-cne man (Bewulf), 1490; wd-cne wen, 1992; wd-ces
(Hrgr), 1043.

wde-ferh, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as
acc. of time: wde-ferh (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne
wde-ferh, 1223.

wd-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg.
wd-flogan, 2347.

wd-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937.

wd-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wd-wegas, 841, 1705.

wf, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. fre-lc wf (Queen Wealhew),
616; wf un-hre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlce wf (Finn's
wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid  wfe (Hrgr's daughter, Frewaru), 2029;
dat. sg. am wfe (Wealhew), 640; gen. sg. wfes (as opposed to _man_),
1285; gen. pl. wera and wfa, 994.--Comp.: aglc-, mere-wf.

wf-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl.
wf-lufan, 2066.

wg, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg.,
686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wge, 1338, 2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.),
1657, 1771; gen. sg. wges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_:
nom. sg. ws his md-sefa manegum ge-ced, wg and wsdm, 350; wg, 1043;
wg ... eafo and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wges, 2324.--Comp. fe-wg.

wga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wgum, 2396; gen.
pl. wgena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: sc-, byrn-, gr-, g-, lind-,
rand-, scyld-wga.

wgan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wge, 600; inf., 2510.

wgend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wgend,
1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wgend, 3025; gen. pl. wgendra, 429, 900, 1973,
2338.--Comp. grwgend.

wg-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047.

wg-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608.

wg-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340.

wg-crft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954.

wg-crftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg.
wg-crftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.

wg-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl.
wg-frecan, 1213.

wg-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg.
wg-fruman, 2262.

wg-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wg-geatwum
(-getawum, MS.), 368.

wg-ge-weorad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See
Note.

wg-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285.

wg-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121.

wg-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wg-heafolan,
2662.--Leo.

wg-hep, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447.

wg-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620.

wg-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555.

wg-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wg-spda, 698.

wn, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wne, 1468.

wr, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wrum, 1032; gen.
pl. wra, 2414.

ws, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. ws (_in his mind,
conscious_), 3095; f. ws, 1928; in w. form, se wsa, 1401, 1699, 2330;
acc. sg. one wsan, 1319; gen. pl. wsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. ws
wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846.

wsa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wsa, 259.--Comp.: brim-,
here-, hilde-wsa.

wscte. See wscan.

ws-dm, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. ws-dme,
1960.

wse, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wsan (_after
ancient custom_), 1866.

ws-fst, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapienti firmus): nom. sg. f., 627.

ws-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717.

wsian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf.
hen wong wsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wsade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w.
dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ew wsige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret.
sg. se m heao-rincum hider wsade, 370; sna him sele-egn ... for
wsade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch),
1796; stg wsode gumum t-gdere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg.
 secg wsode under Heorotes hrf (_when the warrior showed them the way
under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrf depends rather on snyredon
tsomne]), 402.

wtan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame,
reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-am me
wtan ne earf waldend fira moror-bealo mga, 2742.

t-wtan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl.
t-witon wena dl, 1151.

ge-wtan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion):
1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. anon eft ge-wt ... t hm
faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. anon eft gewiton ... mearum rdan, 854.
Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him  Scyld ge-wt ... fran on
fren wre, 26; gewt him ... rdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2)
associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wta
for beran wpen and gewdu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wt  nesian hen hses,
115; he  fg ge-wt ... man-drem flen, 1264; nyer eft gewt dennes
nisian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewt
... hmes nisan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and
with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. r firgen-strem under nssa genipu
nier ge-wte, 1361; ge-wte on sealman, 2461; inf. on fldes ht feor
ge-wtan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wt, 217; him ge-wt, 1237, 1904; of lfe,
ealdre ge-wt (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst for ge-wt (_time went on_),
210; him ge-wt t of healle, 663; ge-wt him hm, 1602; pret. part. dat.
sg. me for-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480.

-wtan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne orfte him  len
-wtan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.

wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. se
wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen.
mm-hta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces,
2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc.

wltian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. se e r ... feor
wltode, 1917.

wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508.

wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250.

wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg.
wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.

wlite-sen, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651.

wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig
(sweord), 1663.

wltan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. he fter recede wlt
(_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the
sea_), 1593; wlitan on Wglf, 2853.

geond-wltan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wrte
giond-wltan, 2772.

woh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm
woh-bogen, 2828.

wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the
clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; t wolcnum, 1120, 1375.

wollen-ter, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl.
wollen-tere, 3033.

wom. See wam.

won. See wan.

worc. See weorc.

word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. t word, 655,
2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg.
wordes, 2792; nom. pl.  word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an
alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173,
1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words,
expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, ancian, be-wgnan,
secgan, hrgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl.
worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his
wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum weld,
30.--Comp.: bet-, gylp-, meel-, ry-word.

word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas,
1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.

word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174.

word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg.
word-hord on-lec (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke),
259.

word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. Wglf maelode
word-rihta fela, 2632.

wor-mynd. See weor-mynd.

worig (for weorig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worig
(_into the palace_), 1973.

worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095;
wintra worn (_many years_), 264; onne he wintrum frd worn ge-munde (_when
he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to
strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwt u worn fela
... sprce (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela
eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.

woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold,
1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60;
worold ofltan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081,
1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dl (_his separation from the
world, death_), 3069; worolde brcan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde,
2712.

worold-r, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-re, 17.

woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966.

worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl.
worold-cyninga, 1685.

woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084.

worold-rden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_:
dat. sg. worold-rdenne, 1143?

wp, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg.
wp, 786; instr. sg. wpe, 3147.

wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS,
uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wrce, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nd-wracu.

wrau, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. lf-wrau.

wr, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wr, 319; dat. sg.
wrum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrra, 1620.

wre, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873.

wr-lce, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063.

wrsn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp.
fre-wrsn.

wrc-lst, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wrc-lstas
trd (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353.

wrc-mcg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wrc-mcgas, 2380.

wrc-s, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc.
sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sum, 338.

wrt, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wrte (wrce, MS.), 2772, 3061;
instr. pl. wrttum, 1532; gen. pl. wrtta, 2414.

wrt-lc, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wrt-lcne
wundur-mum, 2174; wrt-lc wg-sweord, 1490; wg-bord wrt-lc,
2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wrt-lcne wyrm [from its rings or
spots?], 892; wlite-sen wrt-lc, 1651.

wrc, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170;
acc. sg. wrc, 3079.

wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. r ws Ongene
... on bd wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen
wrc, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or
songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rde,
874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd fter wrc, 2155; pres. part. r
ws ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. t he his
frend wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres.
part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wrc Wedera n, 423; so,
1334, 1670.

-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic is gid be e -wrc (_I have
told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109.

for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf.  ls him
a rym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves
might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wrc
... man-cynne fram, 109.

ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg.
ge-wrc, 107, 2006; he ge-wrc (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-sum, 2396;
he hine sylfne ge-wrc (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wrcan, 2480;
pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063.

wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_:
nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wde mrost (Sigemund),
899.

wreoen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699.

wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wrida, 1742.

wria, w. m., _band_: in comp. beg-wria (_bracelet_), 2019.

wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse
way, with a worse exchange_), 2970.

ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne ws t
ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305.

wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words,
converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_).

wran, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic
hine (him, MS.) ... on wl-bedde wran hte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a
wounded person, a wound): pret. pl.  wron monige e his mg wrion,
2983. See hand-gewrien.

wrtan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on m (hilte) ws r
writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient
struggle_), 1689.

for-wrtan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrt Wedra helm
wyrm on middan, 2706.

wrht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest,
hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.

wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence,
_the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu,
1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.:
bl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mgen-, s-, sund-, rec-wudu.

wudu-rc, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145.

wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg.
wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God).

wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796

wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl.
wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.

wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028.

wulf-hli, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves
house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleou, 1359.

wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907;
acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp.
feorh-wund.

wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom.
pl. wunde, 565, 1076.

wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.

wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg.
wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298.

wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153.

wunden-ml, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg.
neut., 1532 (of a sword).

wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220.

wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063;
acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg.
wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl.
wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-,
n-, searo-wundor.

wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl.
-bebodum, 1748.

wundor-de, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor
dee, 3038.

wundor-ft, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum
(_from wondrous vessels_), 1163.

wundor-lc, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441.

wundor-mum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174.

wundor-smi, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous
things_: gen. pl. wundor-smia geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.

wundor-sen, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-sina, 996.

wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. enden r
wuna on heh-stede hsa slest (_as long as the best of houses stands
there on the high place_), 284; wuna he on wiste (_lives in plenty_),
1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode
mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to
inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wuna wl-reste (_holds his
death-bed_), 2903; inf. wter-egesan wunian scolde..., stremas, 1261;
wcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelc r t hm wuna, 1924.

ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain
with, stand by_: subj. pres. t hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sas,
22.

wuran. See weoran.

wuton, v. from wtan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun
gangan t (_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hrae fran! 1391; uton nu
fstan, 3102.

wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf.

wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. fldes wylm, 1765; dat.
wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. urh wteres wylm,
1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: brest-, brim-, byrne-, cear-,
fr-, heao-, holm-, s-, sorh-wylm. See wlm.

wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. mste ...
worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eoran wynne (_earth-joy,
the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising
sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; t he ...
ge-drogen hfde eoran wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728;
dat. sg. weorod ws on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mgenes wynnum (_in joy of
strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: el-, hord-, lf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.

wyn-les, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-lesne wudu, 1417; wyn-les wc,
822.

wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_),
1920; nom. pl. word wron wyn-sume, 613.

wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan,
931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. t se l-mihtiga eoran
worh[te], 92; sw hine _(the helmet_) worhte wpna smi, 1453.--3) _to
gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se e mte, dmes r
dee, 1388.

be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton,
3163.

ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. sw sceal geong guma gde
gewyrcean ... on fder wine t ... (_a young man shall so act with
benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do,
make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic t hilde mid Hruntinge wiht
ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on am aglcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean,
2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic  lede
wt ... fste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-rn)
ge-wyrcean, 69; (wg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret.
pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht,
1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dm ge-wyrce,
1492.

Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly
weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206,
2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031.
(Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)

wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. he t lange lede mine
wanode and wyrde, 1338.

-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: eling monig wundum
-wyrded, 1114.

wyre, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrne (ge-dn)
(_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyre, 368; compar. nom. sg. rces
wyrra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyre. See weor.

wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp.
grund-wyrgen.

ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.

wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630,
2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg.
wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl.
wyrmas, 1431.

wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg.
wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.

wyrm-fh, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures
of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg.
sweord ... wreoen-hilt and wyrm-fh, 1699.

wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.

for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. t u me n
for-wyrne, t... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. he ne
for-wyrnde worold-rdenne, 1143.

ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. he
hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.

wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. fter we-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after
the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316.

wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. t wyrse, 1740; instr. sg.
wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan
wg-frecan, 1213, 2497.

wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fst, 1365.

wscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wscte (rihde, MS.) s yldan
(_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.


Y

yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.

yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. ne t se aglca yldan hte, 740;
weard wine-gemor wscte s yldan, t he lytel fc long-gestrena brcan
mste, 2240.

ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150,
606, 1662. See elde.

yldest. See eald.

yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo,
1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (tas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo
bearn, 70. See eldo.

yldra. See eald.

ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.

ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around,
with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford
(_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb  gif-healle (_around the
gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb s helmes hrf (_around the helm's
roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb n-td res dgores
(_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb ne niht (_after a night_),
135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frnan) ymb nne
s (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwt u ... ymb
Brecan sprce (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; n ymb his lf
ceara (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439;
sundor-nytte beheld ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming,
the prize for swimming_), 507.

ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlw oft ymbe hwearf
(prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him
... ymbe, 2598.

ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.

ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl.
ymbe-sittendra, 2735.

yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. eode ... t yppan, 1816.

yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052.

yrfe-lf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lfe, 1054;
instr. sg. yrfe-lfe, 1904.

yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes,
2454. (-as, MS.)

yrmo, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrme, 1260, 2006.

yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg,
on yrre, 2093.

yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Bewulf), 1533;
egn yrre (the same), 1576; gst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770.
See eorre.

yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965.

yrre-md, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727.

ys, _he is_. See wesan.




 (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. a, 548; acc. pl. e, 46,
1133, 1910; dat. pl. um, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; um weallan (_to
surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. a, 464, 849, 1209, 1470,
1919.--Comp: fld-, lg-, wter-.

an, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. de eotena cyn,
421 (cf. ende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from lfric's Glossary; pret.
de, Wanderer, 85).

e. See ee.

e-lce, adv., _easily_: e-lce he eft -std (_he easily arose
afterwards_), 1557.

-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg.
-geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.

-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_:
dat. sg. -gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.

-ld, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. -lde, 228.

-lf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum
reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be -lfe, 566.

-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. -lidan, 198.

-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [-]nacan, 1904.

-gesne. See -gesne.

wan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-sn wde (_showed itself,
appeared_), 2835. See ewan, ewan.

ge-wan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf.,
2150.



GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.

brecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne brocen wre (_his byrnie
was shattered_).

nyman, st. v., _to take, take away_.

bn-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.].

buruh-elu, st. f., _castle-floor_.

clod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.

dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: ne is ne dagia estan (_this is not dawning
from the east_).

der-md, adj., _brave in mood_: der-md hle.

driht-ges, st m., _companion, associate_.

estan, adv., _from the east_.

eor-bend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_.

fr, st. m. _fear, terror_.

fren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh frenu wre
(_as if all Finnsburh were afire_).

gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_.

gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylle
grg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf
yelleth_?).

genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl.  wgend hyra wunda
genson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_).

gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments).

grg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke).

g-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_.

hg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._

heao-geong, adj., _young in war._

here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_.

hleorian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleorode ... cyning (_the
prince exclaimed_).

hrw, st. n., _corpse_.

hrr, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hrr (_strong_ [though it was] _as
armor_, Bosw.).

lac (la?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_

oncwean, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwy (_the shield
answers the spear_).

onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigea...,
wgend mine (_awake, my warriors!_).

sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_.

sealo-brn, adj., _dusky-brown_.

sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_.

swer (sw hwer), pron., _which of two, which_.

swn, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_.

sweart, adj., _swart, black_.

swt, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swtne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet
mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).

swurd-lema, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_.

yrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_.

undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_.

wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hrfn wandrode (_the
raven hovered_).

waol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.].

wl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wl-slihta
gehlyn (_the din of combats_)

we-dd, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. risa we-dda.

witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. e is ... witod.

wurlce (weorlce), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wur-lcor.

wg, weg, st. m., _way_.



CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:

ARGUMENT, recals = recalls
POEM:
ll. 131, 737 ry-swy = r-sw
l. 256 fest = fost
l. 303 scinon = scionon
l. 706 buton = bton
l. 1115 t = t
l. 1133 w = wi
ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied
l. 1436 here-strl = here-strl
l. 1642 fewer- = fewer
l. 1747 strle = strle
l. 1828 ywa = wa
l. 1926 betlic = betlc
l. 2224 gesced = gesced
ll. 2288, 3036 ws = ws
l. 2453 to = t
l. 2503 Huga = Hga
l. 2586 nie = ne
l. 2587 si = s
l. 2684 irenna = renna
l. 2915 Hugas = Hgas
l. 2956 heo-liendum = heao-lendum
l. 3000 t = t; fend- = fend-
l. 3056 s = s
l. 3137 Hrnes = Hrones
list of names, under:
 Dene, Scedengge = Scedenigge
 Edgils, Ohthere = hthere
 Frewaru, Freawaru = Frewaru
 Hrgr, Hr-gre = Hrgre
 Hygelac, Hre = Hre
NOTES for
l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30
l. 1441, w- = wg-
l. 1916, lefra = lefra
GLOSSARY, under headword
 ele, Beowulf's = Bewulf's
 n, gehwilces = gehwylces
 g-hw, gh-ws = ghws
 t-beran, beadolce = beadulce
 beadu-lc, beado- = beadu- (twice)
 beg, beages = beges
 beorh, heford- = hefod
 bedan, leodum = ledum
 ben, cwnlic = cwnlc
 biddan, bline = blne
 bitter, strle = strle
 ge-bdan, therefor = therefore
 on-bdan, earflce = earfolce
 brecan, ltdse = lt se
 burne, of of = of
 btan, swce = swice
 cempa, Huga = Hga
 ge-cesan, usic = sic
 on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes
 corer,  = 
 cunnan, ewe = ew
 c, w- = wd-
 dgor, gehwam = gehwm
 dn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; ywa = wa
 drfan, feoran = feorran
 dryhten, freh- = fre-
 dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype
 ge-dgan, wrcsi = wrcs
 eal, oncye = once
 ealdor, herestrl = herestrl
 ecen-crftig, imanna = imonna
 eofor-spret, hocyhtum = hcyhtum
 eorlc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlc
 fh, wldrere = wldrere
 -ferian, panon = onan
 fela, maum- = mum
 fran, wre = wre
 fend, feonda = fenda
 flen, fenhpu = fenhopu
 floga, w- = wd-
 folc-toga, Hrgar = Hrgr
 for, wonhydum = wonhdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc
 ft-gemearc, long = lang
 ge-frignan, eodcyninga = edcyninga
 ge-fyrran, fratwum = frtwum
 ge-fsan, to scanne = t sceanne
 gn, swa = sw; [or] giong = ging; flore = flre; sttan = sittan
 ge-gan, Wglaf = Wglf
 gr-wga, Wglaf = Wglf
 gst, fde- = fe-
 gegn-cwide, inra = nra
 ge-gyrwan, ylidan = lidan
 gec, gst = gst
 gemore-lc, [bi] gemorlic = gemorlc
 for-gildan, therefor = therefore
 gold-wlanc, gurinc = grinc
 grtan, walgst = wlgst
 grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim
 habban, gecorene = gecorone
 wi-habban, winsele = wnsele
 hatan, sliend = slend
 hatian, gu-sceaa = g-sceaa
 hr, here = here
 here-strl, -strl = strl
 heard, -strl = -strl; regen- = regn-
 heorte, starc- = stearc
 heoro-drer, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drere
 hli, hliu = hlio (twice)
 hp, hp = hop (twice)
 hreow, t = t
 hrf, geseh = geseah
 hwl, seo = se
 hran, ghwilc = ghwylc
 inne, abed = bed
 ren, drihtlc = dryhtlc
 l, gewiru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum
 be-len, belen = belen
 mtan, Aescheres = scheres
 mearcian, mrhpu = mrhopu
 ge-mearian, hwam = hwm
 moror-bed, stred = strd
 md, sti- = st-
 nnig, hor-mum = hord-mum
 on, hee = heoe; willen = willan
 rd, fst- = fst
 reccan, hu = h
 rdan, gealgan = galgan
 sang, -leasne = lesne
 sceapan, Hugas = Hgas (twice)
 scnan, scinon = scionon
 scnan, scnon = scinon
 secg, synnigne = sinnigne
 ge-scan, -cye = ce
 ge-sgan, tscce = t scce
 ge-slen, ge-slgan = ge-slgon
 standan, strl = strl
 stapan, furor = furur
 ge-steppan, Ohtheres = hteres
 stincan,  = 
 styrian, ge-wiru = ge-widru
 sweord, maum- = mum
 ge-swcan, eodne = edne
 ten (w. v.), nals = nalas; teodan = tedan
 t, hlum = hlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore
 ge-trwan, -wre = wre
 ge-twfan, e = oe
 r, snotera = snottra
 e, gimfstan = ginfstan
 of-incan, gehwam = gehwm
 ge-olian, t = t
 u, slran = selran
 send, sefon = seofan
 un-here, -speru = -sporu
 s, g-hwilc = g-hwylc
 wacan, wcon = wcun
 werian, beaduscrd = beaduscrda
 be-werian, scynnum = scinnum
 wn, orlg = orleg; r-wena = or-wna
 weorian, lede = lede
 willa, wyllum = willum
 wilnian, fer = fder
 nt, hwilc = hwylc (twice)
 ge-wtan, wre = wre





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